Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its Associated Risk Factors among symptomatic Residents of Sulaimani city, Kurdistan region, Iraq, 2020
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2021.1.1
Abstract views: 1595 / PDF downloads: 1017Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria are a microaerobic Gram negative that colonizes in the gastric and duodenum of human. It can cause prolong infection in the human life if not treated. Many of the studies showed that infection by H. pylori can cause some important gastrointestinal illness, such as peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Recurrence is generally considered as H. pylori recrudescence infection after one year of eradicated treatment. There are many factors involved in the H pylori reinfection, such as the epidemiology of H. pylori infection, condition of the live, development of economical state, and health conditions. The Objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence and determine the risk factors of infection by H. pylori bacteria in dyspeptic patients in Sulaimani city. And the Aims are to estimate prevalence of the Helicobacter pylori and patients’ characteristics in Sulaimani city. This is a cross-sectional study, using a Urea breath test or stained the gastric sample with Giemsa stain, which is including adult participants aged (12-87) years during the period starting from 1 January until 31 December 2020 on Iraqi male and female patients were visiting –Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology in Sulaimani, city, Iraq. Three hundred and four patients were included, all of them underwent Urea breath test only but eighty-one of the participants underwent endoscopy and stained the gastric sample with Giemsa stain. Urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori was positive in54.9% which have significant correlation with risk factor findings. Results: the incidence rate of H. pylori infection in our study is 54.9%, and mean age of the study participants was (40.49 ±16.39) one hundred and ninety-one cases 62.8% were female and 113 cases 37.2%were male. Infection by H. pylori bacteria is rife in dyspeptic patients; and is more common in the age group of 31-40 years. One of noninvasive test to diagnosis H. pylori is Urea breath test. In conclusions the rate of helicobacter pylori infection in our study is 54.9% among the symptomatic patients, and the overall incidence of H. pylori UBT and Giemsa stain detection rate were 73.4 and 26.6% respectively.
Keywords:
Prevalence, Dyspepsia, Helicobacter pylori, Risk factor, Sulaimani
References
[1] B. Marshall and J. R. Warren, "Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration," Lancet, vol. 323, no. 8390, pp. 1311-1315, 1984.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6
[2] A. Kandulski, M. Selgrad, and P. Malfertheiner, "Helicobacter pylori infection: a clinical overview," Dig. Liver Dis., vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 619-626, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.026
[3] D. J. McGee, C. A. May, R. M. Garner, J. M. Himpsl, and H. L. Mobley, "Isolation of Helicobacter pylori genes that modulate urease activity," J. Bacteriol., vol. 181, no. 8, pp. 2477-2484, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.181.8.2477-2484.1999
[4] D. R. Cave, "Transmission and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori," Am. J. Med., vol. 100, no. 5A, pp.12S-17S; discussion 17S-18S, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(96)80224-5
[5] R. E. Pounder and D. Ng, "The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different countries," Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., vol. 9 Suppl 2, pp. 33-39, 1995.
[6] J. Parsonnet et al., "Helicobacter pyloriInfection and the risk of gastric carcinoma," N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 325, no. 16, pp. 1127-1131, 1991.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199110173251603
[7] T. T. Schubert, A. B. Schubert, and C. K. Ma, "Symptoms, gastritis, and Helicobacter pylori in patients referred for endoscopy," Gastrointest. Endosc., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 357-360, 1992.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5107(92)70432-5
[8] L. N. Meurer and D. J. Bower, "Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection," Am. Fam. Physician, vol. 65, no. 7, p. 1327, 2002.
[9]J. Fox, "The non-H. Pylori helicobacter: their expanding role in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases." .
[10] R. Suzuki, S. Shiota, and Y. Yamaoka, "Molecular epidemiology, population genetics, and pathogenic role of Helicobacter pylori," Infect. Genet. Evol., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 203-213, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2011.12.002
[11] S. Mishra, "Is Helicobacter pylori good or bad?," Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., vol. 32, no. 3, pp.301-304, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1773-9
[12] F. A. Baban, University of Sulaimani, M. O. Mohammad, and University of Sulaimani, "The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in upper gastrointestinal disorders," J. Zankoy Sulaimani - A, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10106
[13] J. G. Kusters, A. H. M. van Vliet, and E. J. Kuipers, "Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection," Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 449-490, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00054-05
[14] P. C. Konturek, S. J. Konturek, and T. Brzozowski, "Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancerogenesis," J. Physiol. Pharmacol., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 3-21, 2009.
[15] S. S. Kim, V. E. Ruiz, J. D. Carroll, and S. F. Moss, "Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma," Cancer Lett., vol. 305, no. 2, pp. 228-238, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2010.07.014
[16] "Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) Infection," in The APRN and PA's Complete Guide to Prescribing Drug Therapy, New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2019.
[17] P. Sutton and Y. T. Chionh, "Why can't we make an effective vaccine against Helicobacter pylori?," Expert Rev. Vaccines, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 433-441, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.13.20
[18] M. M. Khalifa, R. R. Sharaf, and R. K. Aziz, "Helicobacter pylori: a poor man's gut pathogen?," Gut Pathog., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 2, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-2-2
[19] D. Varia, P. Malfertheiner, F. Megroud, A. T. Axon, M. Deltenre, and A. M. Hirschl, "Diagnosis of Hehicobacter pylori infection with a new non-invasive antigen based assay," Lancet, vol. 354, pp. 30-3, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08103-3
[20] A. Mohamma, A. Taha, and T. Pshko, "Helicobacter Pylori infection among Dyspeptic Patients Referred for Endoscopy," Zanco J Med Sci, vol. 14, pp. 37-43, 2010.
[21] M. Bashdar, S. Saleem, F. Halgurd, and H. Suha, "The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among University Students in Iraq," Indian Journal of Science & Technology, vol. 8, pp. 5020-5023, 2013.
[22] T. Yucel, D. Aygin, S. Sen, and O. Yucel, "The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and related factors among university students in Turkey," Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 179-183, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2008.179
[23] W. M. Alazmi, I. Siddique, N. Alateeqi, and B. Al-Nakib, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among new outpatients with dyspepsia in Kuwait," BMC Gastroenterol., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 14, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-10-14
[24] K. L. Goh, "Prevalence of and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in a multi-racial dyspeptic Malaysian population undergoing endoscopy," J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. S29-35, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00455.x
[25] R. P. Jackman, C. Schlichting, W. Carr, and A. Dubois, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in United States Navy submarine crews," Epidemiol. Infect., vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 460-464, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268805005169
[26] D. Dorji, T. Dendup, H. M. Malaty, K. Wangchuk, D. Yangzom, and J. M. Richter, "Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Bhutan: the role of environment and Geographic location," Helicobacter, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 69-73, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12088
[27] B. Zhang, G. Y. Hao, and F. Gao, "Lack of association of common polymorphisms in MUC1 gene with Helicobacter pylori infection and non-cardia gastric cancer risk in a Chinese population." 2013.
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.12.7355
[28] T. Dilnessa and M. Amentie, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and risk factors among dyspepsia and non-dyspepsia adults at Assosa General Hospital, West Ethiopia: a comparative study," Ethiop J Health Dev, vol. 31, no. 1, 2017.
[29] M. Petrovi? et al., "Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection estimated by 14C-urea breath test and gender, blood groups and Rhesus factor," Hell. J. Nucl. Med., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 21-24, 2011.
[30] W. Abebaw, M. Kibret, and B. Abera, "Prevalence and risk factors of H. pylori from dyspeptic patients in northwest Ethiopia: a hospital based cross-sectional study," Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 4459-4463, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.11.4459
[31] A. Dhary, "AL-Mashhadany,'," KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ: Life Science InformaticsPublications,2018.
[32] N. R. Ndip, E. A. Malange, and T. F. J. Akoachere, "Helicobacter pylori antigens in the feces ofasymptomatic children in the Buea and Limbe health districts of Cameroon: a pilot study." 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01299.x
[33] A. Seid and W. Demsiss, "Feco-prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection among symptomatic patients at Dessie Referral Hospital, Ethiopia," BMC Infect. Dis., vol. 18, no. 1, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3179-5
[34] C. Dube, N. F Tanih, A. M Clarke, N. Mkwetshana, E. Green, and R. N Ndip, "Helicobacter pylori infection and transmission in Africa: Household hygiene and water sources are plausible factorsexacerbating spread," Afr. J. Biotechnol., vol. 8, no. 22, pp. 6028-6035, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.824
[35] O. Herbarth, P. Krumbiegel, and G. J. Fritz, "Helicobacter pylori prevalence and risk factors among school beginners in a German urban centre and its rural county." 2010.
[36 ]F. Mansour-Ghanaei, Y. M. Mashhour, and F. Joukar, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among children in Rasht, Northern Iran," Middle East J Dig Dis, vol. 1, pp. 84-8, 2009.
[37] H. G, "Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori among adults at jinka zonal hospital, debub omo zone, southwest Ethiopia," Autoimmune Infect. Dis., vol. 2, no. 2, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.16966/2470-1025.113
[38] A. Solhpour et al., "Relationship between uninvestigated dyspepsia and body mass index: a populationbased study," East Afr. J. Public Health, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 318-322, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.4314/eajph.v7i4.64755
[39] G. Khoder, J. S. Muhammad, I. Mahmoud, S. S. M. Soliman, and C. Burucoa, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its associated factors among healthy asymptomatic residents in the United Arab Emirates," Pathogens, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 44, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020044
[40] T. Tongtawee et al., "Characteristics and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis: Aprospective cross-sectional study in northeast Thailand," Gastroenterol. Res. Pract., vol. 2016, p. 9130602,2016.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9130602
[41] A. Takeoka et al., "Psychological effects of Helicobacter pylori-associated atrophic gastritis in patientsunder 50 years: A cross-sectional study," Helicobacter, vol. 22, no. 6, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12445
[42] O. Mohamme, "Clinical, Endoscopic and Urea Breath Test Among Dyspeptic Patients Referred toKurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology in Sulaimani," International Journal of ClinicalMedicine, vol. 5, pp. 1180-1188, 2018.
[43] R. Niknam, M. Seddigh, M. R. Fattahi, A. Dehghanian, and L. Mahmoudi, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Patients With Dyspepsia," Jundishapur J. Microbiol., vol. 7, no. 10, p. e12676, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.12676
[44] H. Alzoubi et al., "The use of 13C-urea breath test for non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in comparison to endoscopy and stool antigen test," Diagnostics (Basel), vol. 10, no. 7, p. 448, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10070448
[45] J. A1, R. Mt, and N. M, "Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in south-east of Iran," Acta Med Iran, vol. 51, no. 12, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6
[2] A. Kandulski, M. Selgrad, and P. Malfertheiner, "Helicobacter pylori infection: a clinical overview," Dig. Liver Dis., vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 619-626, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.026
[3] D. J. McGee, C. A. May, R. M. Garner, J. M. Himpsl, and H. L. Mobley, "Isolation of Helicobacter pylori genes that modulate urease activity," J. Bacteriol., vol. 181, no. 8, pp. 2477-2484, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.181.8.2477-2484.1999
[4] D. R. Cave, "Transmission and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori," Am. J. Med., vol. 100, no. 5A, pp.12S-17S; discussion 17S-18S, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(96)80224-5
[5] R. E. Pounder and D. Ng, "The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different countries," Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., vol. 9 Suppl 2, pp. 33-39, 1995.
[6] J. Parsonnet et al., "Helicobacter pyloriInfection and the risk of gastric carcinoma," N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 325, no. 16, pp. 1127-1131, 1991.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199110173251603
[7] T. T. Schubert, A. B. Schubert, and C. K. Ma, "Symptoms, gastritis, and Helicobacter pylori in patients referred for endoscopy," Gastrointest. Endosc., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 357-360, 1992.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5107(92)70432-5
[8] L. N. Meurer and D. J. Bower, "Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection," Am. Fam. Physician, vol. 65, no. 7, p. 1327, 2002.
[9]J. Fox, "The non-H. Pylori helicobacter: their expanding role in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases." .
[10] R. Suzuki, S. Shiota, and Y. Yamaoka, "Molecular epidemiology, population genetics, and pathogenic role of Helicobacter pylori," Infect. Genet. Evol., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 203-213, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2011.12.002
[11] S. Mishra, "Is Helicobacter pylori good or bad?," Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., vol. 32, no. 3, pp.301-304, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1773-9
[12] F. A. Baban, University of Sulaimani, M. O. Mohammad, and University of Sulaimani, "The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in upper gastrointestinal disorders," J. Zankoy Sulaimani - A, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10106
[13] J. G. Kusters, A. H. M. van Vliet, and E. J. Kuipers, "Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection," Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 449-490, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00054-05
[14] P. C. Konturek, S. J. Konturek, and T. Brzozowski, "Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancerogenesis," J. Physiol. Pharmacol., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 3-21, 2009.
[15] S. S. Kim, V. E. Ruiz, J. D. Carroll, and S. F. Moss, "Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma," Cancer Lett., vol. 305, no. 2, pp. 228-238, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2010.07.014
[16] "Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) Infection," in The APRN and PA's Complete Guide to Prescribing Drug Therapy, New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2019.
[17] P. Sutton and Y. T. Chionh, "Why can't we make an effective vaccine against Helicobacter pylori?," Expert Rev. Vaccines, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 433-441, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.13.20
[18] M. M. Khalifa, R. R. Sharaf, and R. K. Aziz, "Helicobacter pylori: a poor man's gut pathogen?," Gut Pathog., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 2, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-2-2
[19] D. Varia, P. Malfertheiner, F. Megroud, A. T. Axon, M. Deltenre, and A. M. Hirschl, "Diagnosis of Hehicobacter pylori infection with a new non-invasive antigen based assay," Lancet, vol. 354, pp. 30-3, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08103-3
[20] A. Mohamma, A. Taha, and T. Pshko, "Helicobacter Pylori infection among Dyspeptic Patients Referred for Endoscopy," Zanco J Med Sci, vol. 14, pp. 37-43, 2010.
[21] M. Bashdar, S. Saleem, F. Halgurd, and H. Suha, "The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among University Students in Iraq," Indian Journal of Science & Technology, vol. 8, pp. 5020-5023, 2013.
[22] T. Yucel, D. Aygin, S. Sen, and O. Yucel, "The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and related factors among university students in Turkey," Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 179-183, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2008.179
[23] W. M. Alazmi, I. Siddique, N. Alateeqi, and B. Al-Nakib, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among new outpatients with dyspepsia in Kuwait," BMC Gastroenterol., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 14, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-10-14
[24] K. L. Goh, "Prevalence of and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in a multi-racial dyspeptic Malaysian population undergoing endoscopy," J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. S29-35, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00455.x
[25] R. P. Jackman, C. Schlichting, W. Carr, and A. Dubois, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in United States Navy submarine crews," Epidemiol. Infect., vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 460-464, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268805005169
[26] D. Dorji, T. Dendup, H. M. Malaty, K. Wangchuk, D. Yangzom, and J. M. Richter, "Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Bhutan: the role of environment and Geographic location," Helicobacter, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 69-73, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12088
[27] B. Zhang, G. Y. Hao, and F. Gao, "Lack of association of common polymorphisms in MUC1 gene with Helicobacter pylori infection and non-cardia gastric cancer risk in a Chinese population." 2013.
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.12.7355
[28] T. Dilnessa and M. Amentie, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and risk factors among dyspepsia and non-dyspepsia adults at Assosa General Hospital, West Ethiopia: a comparative study," Ethiop J Health Dev, vol. 31, no. 1, 2017.
[29] M. Petrovi? et al., "Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection estimated by 14C-urea breath test and gender, blood groups and Rhesus factor," Hell. J. Nucl. Med., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 21-24, 2011.
[30] W. Abebaw, M. Kibret, and B. Abera, "Prevalence and risk factors of H. pylori from dyspeptic patients in northwest Ethiopia: a hospital based cross-sectional study," Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 4459-4463, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.11.4459
[31] A. Dhary, "AL-Mashhadany,'," KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ: Life Science InformaticsPublications,2018.
[32] N. R. Ndip, E. A. Malange, and T. F. J. Akoachere, "Helicobacter pylori antigens in the feces ofasymptomatic children in the Buea and Limbe health districts of Cameroon: a pilot study." 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01299.x
[33] A. Seid and W. Demsiss, "Feco-prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection among symptomatic patients at Dessie Referral Hospital, Ethiopia," BMC Infect. Dis., vol. 18, no. 1, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3179-5
[34] C. Dube, N. F Tanih, A. M Clarke, N. Mkwetshana, E. Green, and R. N Ndip, "Helicobacter pylori infection and transmission in Africa: Household hygiene and water sources are plausible factorsexacerbating spread," Afr. J. Biotechnol., vol. 8, no. 22, pp. 6028-6035, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.824
[35] O. Herbarth, P. Krumbiegel, and G. J. Fritz, "Helicobacter pylori prevalence and risk factors among school beginners in a German urban centre and its rural county." 2010.
[36 ]F. Mansour-Ghanaei, Y. M. Mashhour, and F. Joukar, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among children in Rasht, Northern Iran," Middle East J Dig Dis, vol. 1, pp. 84-8, 2009.
[37] H. G, "Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori among adults at jinka zonal hospital, debub omo zone, southwest Ethiopia," Autoimmune Infect. Dis., vol. 2, no. 2, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.16966/2470-1025.113
[38] A. Solhpour et al., "Relationship between uninvestigated dyspepsia and body mass index: a populationbased study," East Afr. J. Public Health, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 318-322, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.4314/eajph.v7i4.64755
[39] G. Khoder, J. S. Muhammad, I. Mahmoud, S. S. M. Soliman, and C. Burucoa, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its associated factors among healthy asymptomatic residents in the United Arab Emirates," Pathogens, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 44, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020044
[40] T. Tongtawee et al., "Characteristics and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis: Aprospective cross-sectional study in northeast Thailand," Gastroenterol. Res. Pract., vol. 2016, p. 9130602,2016.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9130602
[41] A. Takeoka et al., "Psychological effects of Helicobacter pylori-associated atrophic gastritis in patientsunder 50 years: A cross-sectional study," Helicobacter, vol. 22, no. 6, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12445
[42] O. Mohamme, "Clinical, Endoscopic and Urea Breath Test Among Dyspeptic Patients Referred toKurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology in Sulaimani," International Journal of ClinicalMedicine, vol. 5, pp. 1180-1188, 2018.
[43] R. Niknam, M. Seddigh, M. R. Fattahi, A. Dehghanian, and L. Mahmoudi, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Patients With Dyspepsia," Jundishapur J. Microbiol., vol. 7, no. 10, p. e12676, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.12676
[44] H. Alzoubi et al., "The use of 13C-urea breath test for non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in comparison to endoscopy and stool antigen test," Diagnostics (Basel), vol. 10, no. 7, p. 448, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10070448
[45] J. A1, R. Mt, and N. M, "Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in south-east of Iran," Acta Med Iran, vol. 51, no. 12, 2013.
Downloads
How to Cite
[1]
S. H. R. Ali, S. S. Salih, T. A. Hama Sour, G. M. Raouf, and A. L. Rahim, “Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its Associated Risk Factors among symptomatic Residents of Sulaimani city, Kurdistan region, Iraq, 2020”, KJAR, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–12, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.24017/science.2021.1.1.
Article Metrics
Published
07-07-2021
Issue
Section
Pure and Applied Science
