Isolation and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida spp. from Pediatric Patients in Kurdistan of Iraq
antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Spp. from pediatric patients
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2023.1.5
Abstract views: 210 / PDF downloads: 0Abstract
Candida species are considered the most common opportunistic human fungal pathogen due to the presence of various virulence factors, including its ability to form a biofilm that aids in oral candidiasis. Pediatric patients are more susceptible to oral candidiasis than healthy pediatric because of the factors that encourage Candida oral carriage. This current study aims to isolate, evaluated the antifungal effect on Candida spp. and participated in oral candidiasis of pediatric patients in Sulaymaniyah and Kirkuk city. The study was performed from September 2021 to February 2022 on two groups of pediatrics which including pediatric patients (n=160) and healthy pediatric (n=50) as a control group. Oral swabs were obtained from 210 participants in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq at the Pediatric teaching hospital of the Sulaymaneyah and Kirkuk governorates. To culture the swabs, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium was used. HiCrome™ Candida Differential agar used to identify Candida isolated, then depending on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using confirmed polymerase chain reaction. Antifungal sensitivity was done for all C. albicans and non-albicans isolates using five common antifungal disks. Among of the 160 sample of pediatric patient 62 (38.8%) positive for Candida spp. which it is including 17 (27.4 %) and 26 (41.9%), 19 (30.6%) breast feeding, bottle feeding and mixing respectively. While within 50 samples of control group 13 (26%) were positive for Candida spp. which including 2 (15.4%), 9(69.2%), 2(15.4%) of same respectively feeding types. Regarding to the antifungal susceptibility the results showed that C. albicans had higher resistance rates against itraconazole, ketoconazole, and clotrimazole than the non-albicans Candida species However, highly resistant rate were detected in Itraconazole and Ketoconazole with 23.7% and 54.4% respectively, for all Candida species. The Current study concluded that oral candidiasis was more predominant in pediatric patients in compare to healthy pediatric also, and C. albicans is the most prevalent etiologic agent. However, higher rate of sensitivity were detected between Candida species for nystatin, which may suggest as the main treatment for oral Candida infections.
Keywords:
Oral Candidiasis, Candida species, Phylogenetic tree, Feeding types, Anti-fungal
References
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[2] P. M. Children and N. Status, "Frequency of Candida spp . in the Oral Cavity of Asymptomatic Preschool Mexican Children and Its Association with," pp. 1-7, 2022.
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https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6561735
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2011.03.008
[7] "Oral yeasts infection in children," vol. 14, no. 1, 2014.
[8] A. Z. Mahmoudabadi, M. Zarrin, and M. B. Fard, "Antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from candiduria," Jundishapur J. Microbiol., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 24-28, 2013, doi: 10.5812/jjm.4633.
https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.4633
[9] C. Chamorro-petronacci, A. García-garcía, and F. J. Gómez-, "Management options for low-dose methotrexate-induced oral ulcers?: A systematic review," vol. 24, no. January 2003, 2019, doi: 10.4317/medoral.22851.
https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.22851
[10] J. M. Achkar and B. C. Fries, "Candida Infections of the Genitourinary Tract," vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 253-273, 2010, doi: 10.1128/CMR.00076-09.
https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00076-09
[11] P. Douglas, "Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of nipple and breast candidiasis?: A review of the relationship between diagnoses of mammary candidiasis and Candida albicans in breastfeeding women," 2021, doi: 10.1177/17455065211031480.
https://doi.org/10.1177/17455065211031480
[12] S. Patil, "Clinical Appearance of Oral Candida Infection and Therapeutic Strategies," vol. 6, no. December, pp. 1-10, 2015, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01391.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01391
[13] S. B. Raju and S. Rajappa, "Isolation and Identification of Candida from the Oral Cavity," vol. 2011, no. Table 2, 2011, doi: 10.5402/2011/487921.
https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/487921
[14] S. Kaup, J. Sankarankutty, and H. V Balasubrahmanya, "Speciation of Candida using HiCrome Candida Differential Agar," vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 267-274, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.507.027
[15] S. Fujita, Y. Senda, and S. Nakaguchi, "Multiplex PCR Using Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 and 2 Regions for Rapid Detection and Identification of Yeast Strains," vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3617-3622, 2001, doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.10.3617.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.10.3617-3622.2001
[16] K. Ahmed and M. Shekhany, "Isolation and genotyping of Candida albicans involved in vaginal candidiasis among pregnant women in Sulaymaniyah and Erbil cities," vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 493-502, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2021.012
[17] D. Resistance, "Antifungal susceptibility testing of vulvovaginal Candida species among women attending antenatal clinic in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar Antifungal susceptibility testing of vulvovaginal Candida species among women attending antenatal clinic in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar," 2023, doi: 10.2147/IDR.S153116.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S153116
[18] F. Berenji, N. Zabolinejad, Z. Badiei, soraya Kakhi, Z. Andalib Aliabadi, and M. Ganjbakhsh, "Oropharyngeal candidiasis in children with lymphohematopoietic malignancies in Mashhad, Iran," Curr. Med. Mycol., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 33-36, 2015, doi: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.33.
https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.4.33
[19] C. Westwater, E. Balish, and D. A. Schofield, "Candida albicans -Conditioned Medium Protects Yeast Cells from Oxidative Stress?: a Possible Link between Quorum Sensing and Oxidative Stress Resistance," vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 1654-1661, 2005, doi: 10.1128/EC.4.10.1654.
https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.4.10.1654-1661.2005
[20] C. (Clinical and L. S. Institute), "M44-A2: Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Guideline-Second Edition," CLSI Doc., vol. 29, no. 17, p. 29(17), 2009.
[21] G. del V. Castillo, S. L. de Blanc, C. E. Sotomayor, and A. I. Azcurra, "Study of virulence factor of Candida species in oral lesions and its association with potentially malignant and malignant lesions," Arch. Oral Biol., vol. 91, pp. 35-41, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.012
[22] M. Patel, "Oral Cavity and Candida albicans?: Colonisation to the Development of Infection," 2022.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030335
[23] M. Goupil et al., "Defective IL-17- and IL-22-dependent mucosal host response to Candida albicans determines susceptibility to oral candidiasis in mice expressing the HIV-1 transgene," pp. 1-13, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-014-0049-9
[24] G. Y. Ali, E. H. S. S. Algohary, K. A. Rashed, and M. Almoghanum, "Prevalence of Candida colonization in preterm newborns and VLBW in neonatal intensive care unit?: role of maternal colonization as a risk factor in transmission of disease," vol. 25, no. May 2011, pp. 789-795, 2012, doi: 10.3109/14767058.2011.622005.
https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2011.622005
[25] A. Ghajari et al., "Isolation of Different Species of Candida in Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis from Damavand , Iran," vol. 13, no. 6, 2018, doi: 10.5812/archcid.59291.Research.
https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.59291
[26] M. Stella, C. Zöllner, and C. Jorge, "Candida spp . oc cur rence in oral cav i ties of breast feed ing in fants and in their moth ers ' mouths and breasts Presença de Candida spp . em boca de lactentes em aleitamento materno e em," vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 151-155, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-74912003000200010
[27] J. V. R. S. Amadio and R. C. Hahn, "Prevalence of Candida spp in the oral cavity of infants receiving arti fi cial feeding and breastfeeding and the breasts of nursing mothers," no. September 2011, 2012, doi: 10.3233/JPI-2012-0329.
https://doi.org/10.3233/JPI-2012-0329
[28] E. Daef, A. Moharram, S. S. Eldin, N. Elsherbiny, and M. Mohammed, "Evaluation of chromogenic media and seminested PCR in the identification of Candida species," Brazilian J. Microbiol., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 255-262, 2014, doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822014005000040.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822014005000040
[29] R. Mehta and A. S. Wyawahare, "Evaluation of Hicrome Candida Differential Agar for Species Identiication of Candida Isolates from Various Clinical Samples," vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1219-1222, 2016.
[30] T. M. Pryce, S. Palladino, I. D. Kay, and G. W. Coombs, "Rapid identification of fungi by sequencing the I T S l and ITS2 regions using an automated capillary electrophoresis system," no. October, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780310001600435
[31] N. Saitou and M. Nei, "The Neighbor-joining Method?: A New Method for Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees '," vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 406-425, 1987.
[32] S. Kumar, G. Stecher, M. Li, C. Knyaz, and K. Tamura, "MEGA X?: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms," vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1547-1549, 2018, doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
[33] G. C. Biases, "Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition- transversion and G + C-content biases Estimation of the Number of Nucleotide Substitutions When There Are Strong Transition-Transversion and," no. August 1992, 2014, doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040752.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040752
[34] H. Zarrinfar, Z. Kord, and A. Fata, "High incidence of azole resistance among Candida albicans and C. glabrata isolates in Northeastern Iran," Curr. Med. Mycol., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 18-21, 2021, doi: 10.18502/CMM.7.3.7801.
https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.7.3.7801
[35] S. Costa-de-oliveira and G. Rodrigues, "Candida albicans Antifungal Resistance and Tolerance in Bloodstream Infections?: The Triad Yeast-Host-Antifungal," 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020154
[36] Y. Lee, E. Puumala, N. Robbins, and L. E. Cowen, "Antifungal Drug Resistance?: Molecular Mechanisms in Candida albicans and Beyond," 2020, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00199.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00199
[37] J. Mohamadi, M. R. Havasian, J. Panahi, and I. Pakzad, "Antifungal drug resistance pattern of Candida. spp isolated from vaginitis in Ilam-Iran during 2013-2014," Bioinformation, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 203-206, 2015, doi: 10.6026/97320630011203.
https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630011203
[38] G. Yenisehirli, N. Bulut, A. Yenisehirli, and Y. Bulut, "In vitro susceptibilities of Candida albicans isolates to antifungal agents in Tokat, Turkey," Jundishapur J. Microbiol., vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 0-4, 2015, doi: 10.5812/jjm.28057.
https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.28057
[39] J. Mohamadi et al., "Anti-fungal resistance in candida isolated from oral and diaper rash candidiasis in neonates," Bioinformation, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 667-670, 2014, doi: 10.6026/97320630010667.
https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630010667
[40] H. T. Dagi, D. Findik, C. Senkeles, and U. Arslan, "Identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from bloodstream infections in Konya , Turkey," Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., pp. 1-5, 2016, doi: 10.1186/s12941-016-0153-1.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-016-0153-1
[41] D. Murtiastutik and C. S. Maharani, "Nystatin Profile on Candida Species in HIV / AIDS Patients with Oral Candidiasis?: A Phenomenology Study," vol. 13, no. December, pp. 2013-2019, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.12
[42] C. Candida and V. Yst, "Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida , VITEK2 YST and VITEK ® MS for identification of Candida strains isolated from blood cultures," pp. 318-322, 2015.
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M. S. Bahi and K. A. Mustafa Shekhany, “Isolation and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida spp. from Pediatric Patients in Kurdistan of Iraq: antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Spp. from pediatric patients”, KJAR, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 35–43, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.24017/science.2023.1.5.
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Published
30-06-2023
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Pure and Applied Science
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Copyright (c) 2023 Mohammed Salah Bahi, Khattab Ahmed Mustafa Shekhany
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
