Bioaccumulation and Evaluation of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Toxicity and Combination Effects of Vitamin E and C with it on Exposed Male Rats
https://doi.org/10.24017/Science.2023.1.1
Abstract views: 955 / PDF downloads: 0Abstract
In the recent years, MgO nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have been one of the metal oxide nanoparticles that used in various medicinal fields. Despite MgO NPs' widespread use, a little is known regarding their cytotoxic effects on health. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic dose of MgO NPs that prepared by the sol-gel method and the roles of vitamins E and C in the toxicity that is produced by MgO NPs. The MgO NPs were characterized and several amounts (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW) were orally administrated for 28 days to male Wister rats. Toxic dosimetry was evaluated using metal content analysis, hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and serum ROS estimation. Then toxic doses of MgO NPs were administered orally with vitamins E and C, or a combination of them for six weeks, twice a week. The result showed 500 mg/kg bw/day MgO NPs is considered as a toxic and leads to a significant Mg bioaccumulation in the liver (P < 0.001) and significantly increased serum ROS (P<0.001) and histopathological damage in the liver and kidney with an immunologic response. Administration of vitamin E with MgO NPs significantly increased serum ROS and adversely affected blood parameters and histological damage to the liver and kidney. The combination of vitamins E and C with MgO NPs significantly reduced the immunologic response to MgO NPs, but serum ROS levels increased significantly with histopathological damage in vital organs. Vitamin C significantly reduced MgO NPs-induced damage in kidney and liver tissues. In the conclusion, MgO NPs are toxic at high doses. Administration of vitamin E alone or combined vitamin E and C with toxic doses of MgO NPs increases their toxicity. However, vitamin C was shown to be histopathologically protective. Therefore, a serious caution should be considered when vitamins are administered with nanoparticles.
Keywords:
Hematology, ROS, Bioaccumulation, Metal Content Analysis, MgO Nanoparticle
References
[1] Z. Camtakan, S. Erenturk, and S. Yusan, "Magnesium oxide nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and uranium sorption properties," Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 536-543, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10575
[2] L. Bertinetti et al., "Surface characteristics of nanocrystalline apatites: effect of Mg surface enrichment on morphology, surface hydration species, and cationic environments," Langmuir, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 5647-5654, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la804230j
[3] P. Bhattacharya, A. Dey, and S. Neogi, "An insight into the mechanism of antibacterial activity by magnesium oxide nanoparticles," Journal of Materials Chemistry B, vol. 9, no. 26, pp. 5329-5339, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TB00875G
[4] D.-R. Di, Z.-Z. He, Z.-Q. Sun, and J. Liu, "A new nano-cryosurgical modality for tumor treatment using biodegradable MgO nanoparticles," Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1233-1241, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2012.02.010
[5] K. Krishnamoorthy, J. Y. Moon, H. B. Hyun, S. K. Cho, and S.-J. Kim, "Mechanistic investigation on the toxicity of MgO nanoparticles toward cancer cells," Journal of materials chemistry, vol. 22, no. 47, pp. 24610-24617, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm35087d
[6] B. Mangalampalli, N. Dumala, and P. Grover, "Acute oral toxicity study of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and microparticles in female albino Wistar rats," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 90, pp. 170-184, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.005
[7] B. Mangalampalli, N. Dumala, R. Perumalla Venkata, and P. Grover, "Genotoxicity, biochemical, and biodistribution studies of magnesium oxide nano and microparticles in albino Wistar rats after 28?day repeated oral exposure," Environmental Toxicology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 396-410, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22526
[8] N. Mazaheri, N. Naghsh, A. Karimi, and H. Salavati, "In vivo toxicity investigation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in rat for environmental and biomedical applications," Iranian journal of biotechnology, vol. 17, no. 1, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.21859/ijb.1543
[9] H. C. Fischer and W. C. Chan, "Nanotoxicity: the growing need for in vivo study," Current opinion in biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 565-571, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2007.11.008
[10] M. Hanot-Roy et al., "Oxidative stress pathways involved in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on cells constitutive of alveolo-capillary barrier in vitro," Toxicology in vitro, vol. 33, pp. 125-135, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.013
[11] G. Fabre et al., "Synergism of antioxidant action of vitamins E, C and quercetin is related to formation of molecular associations in biomembranes," Chemical Communications, vol. 51, no. 36, pp. 7713-7716, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC00636H
[12] B. W. Magdy, F. E. s. Mohamed, A. S. Amin, and S. S. Rana, "Ameliorative effect of antioxidants (vitamins C and E) against abamectin toxicity in liver, kidney and testis of male albino rats," The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology, vol. 77, pp. 69-82, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2016.10.002
[13] S. B. Nimse and D. Pal, "Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms," RSC advances, vol. 5, no. 35, pp. 27986-28006, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA13315C
[14] E. Niki, "Synergistic inhibition of oxidation by vitamin E and vitamin C," in Cellular Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms: CRC Press, 2019, pp. 111-122.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429289309-6
[15] P. Konieczka, M. Barszcz, M. Choct, and S. Smulikowska, "The interactive effect of dietary n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio and vitamin E level on tissue lipid peroxidation, DNA damage in intestinal epithelial cells, and gut morphology in chickens of different ages," Poultry Science, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 149-158, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex274
[16] L. Kong, W. Hu, C. Lu, K. Cheng, and M. Tang, "Mechanisms underlying nickel nanoparticle induced reproductive toxicity and chemo-protective effects of vitamin C in male rats," Chemosphere, vol. 218, pp. 259-265, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.128
[17] M. Shamel, D. Riad, and M. Al Ankily, "Histological and ultrastructural study of silver nanoparticles toxicity and the possible protective effect of vitamin c on submandibular salivary glands of albino rats," 2021.
https://doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000428
[18] D. Nemenqani, O. El-Gharib, A. M. Ahmed, and A. R. Baiuomy, "The protective effects of antioxidant (vitamin C) against hepatic oxidative damage induced by zinc oxide nanoparticals," IRJABS, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 502-9, 2015.
[19] A. Chakraborty and N. R. Jana, "Vitamin C-conjugated nanoparticle protects cells from oxidative stress at low doses but induces oxidative stress and cell death at high doses," ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 9, no. 48, pp. 41807-41817, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16055
[20] Y. Wang et al., "A combined toxicity study of zinc oxide nanoparticles and vitamin C in food additives," Nanoscale, vol. 6, no. 24, pp. 15333-15342, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR05480F
[21] M. M. Bakr, M. M. Al-Ankily, S. M. Shogaa, and M. Shamel, "Attenuating Effect of Vitamin E against Silver Nano Particles Toxicity in Submandibular Salivary Glands," Bioengineering, vol. 8, no. 12, p. 219, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8120219
[22] A. Moradi, N. Ziamajidi, A. Ghafourikhosroshahi, and R. Abbasalipourkabir, "Effects of vitamin A and vitamin E on attenuation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced toxicity in the liver of male Wistar rats," Molecular biology reports, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 2919-2932, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04752-4
[23] Y. M. Shotop and I. N. Al-Suwiti, "The possible role of vitamins E and C in reducing the toxicity of copper nanoparticles in the kidney and liver of the rats (Rattus norvegicus)," Journal of King Saud University-Science, vol. 33, no. 2, p. 101357, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101357
[24] H. N. G. El-Hak, E. E. ELaraby, A. K. Hassan, and O. A. Abbas, "Study of the toxic effect and safety of vitamin E supplement in male albino rats after 30 days of repeated treatment," Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 10, p. e02645, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02645
[25] A. M. Mohammad, S. M. A. Ridha, and T. H. Mubarak, "Dielectric properties of Cr-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesis by citrate-gel auto combustion method," Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 6026-6035, 2018.
[26] M. Gómez, D. J. Sánchez, J. M. Llobet, J. Corbella, and J. Domingo, "The effect of age on aluminum retention in rats," Toxicology, vol. 116, no. 1-3, pp. 1-8, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03512-3
[27] A. Mohammada, H. A. Al-Jafa, H. S. Ahmeda, M. Mohammedb, and Z. Khodairc, "Structural and morphological studies of ZnO nanostructures," JOURNAL OF OVONIC RESEARCH, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 443-452, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.15251/JOR.2022.183.443
[28] S. H. Jaafar et al., "Influence of Calcination Temperature on Crystal Growth and Optical Characteristics of Eu3+ Doped ZnO/Zn2SiO4 Composites Fabricated via Simple Thermal Treatment Method," Crystals, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 115, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020115
[29] A. Mohammad, M. Mohammed, and L. Hussein, "Structural, Magnetic And Optical Properties Of Co0. 5Ni0. 5Fe2O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized By Sol-Gel Auto Combustion Method," Digest Journal Of Nanomaterials And Biostructures, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 231-241, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.15251/DJNB.2020.151.231
[30] D. Raoufi, "Synthesis and microstructural properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by precipitation method," Renewable Energy, vol. 50, pp. 932-937, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.076
[31] N. Asare et al., "Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles in testicular cells," Toxicology, vol. 291, no. 1-3, pp. 65-72, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.022
[32] T. S. Hauck, R. E. Anderson, H. C. Fischer, S. Newbigging, and W. C. Chan, "In vivo quantum?dot toxicity assessment," Small, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 138-144, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200900626
[33] L. Espinosa-Cristobal et al., "Toxicity, distribution, and accumulation of silver nanoparticles in Wistar rats," Journal of nanoparticle research, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1-12, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1702-6
[34] N. Hadrup and H. R. Lam, "Oral toxicity of silver ions, silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver-a review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.002
[35] D. R. Dufour, J. A. Lott, F. S. Nolte, D. R. Gretch, R. S. Koff, and L. B. Seeff, "Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. I. Performance characteristics of laboratory tests," Clinical chemistry, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 2027-2049, 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027
[36] C. E. Ophardt, "Virtual chembook," Elmhurst College, pp. 121-125, 2003.
[37] G.-Y. Liou and P. Storz, "Reactive oxygen species in cancer," Free radical research, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 479-496, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.3109/10715761003667554
[38] C. Mylonas and D. Kouretas, "Lipid peroxidation and tissue damage," In Vivo (Athens, Greece), vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 295-309, 1999.
[39] M. Kumari et al., "Repeated oral dose toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles: biochemical and histopathological alterations in different tissues of rats," Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 2149-2159, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.5796
[40] F. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Liu, X. Chang, C. Chen, and Y. Zhao, "Cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials," small, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1322-1337, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201100001
[41] O. B. Nnamdi, J. Nyebuchi, A. O. Collins, and Z. L. Udu, "Effects of Vitamin E on Chronic Haematoxicity of Paraquat Exposed Male Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)."
[42] R. Saravanan and V. Pugalendi, "Impact of ursolic acid on chronic ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the rat heart," Pharmacological Reports, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 41, 2006.
[43] E. J. Simon, C. S. Gross, and A. T. Milhorat, "The metabolism of vitamin E. 1. The absorption and excretion of d-?-tocopheroI-5-methyl-C14-succinate," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 221, pp. 797-805, 1956.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65193-2
[44] J. Abilés et al., "Oxidative stress is increased in critically ill patients according to antioxidant vitamins intake, independent of severity: a cohort study," Critical care, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1-9, 2006.
[45] M. Mayer, "Association of serum bilirubin concentration with risk of coronary artery disease," Clinical chemistry, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1723-1727, 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.11.1723
[46] F. Dahdouh, A. Salah, R. Mohamed, and K. Zine, "Effect of the joint supplementation of vitamin c and vitamin e on nickel heamatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male swiss albino mice," Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 234-239, 2016.
[47] R. Yanardag, O. Ozsoy-Sacan, S. Ozdil, and S. Bolkent, "Combined effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, and sodium selenate supplementation on absolute ethanol-induced injury in various organs of rats," International journal of toxicology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 513-523, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/10915810701707296
https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10575
[2] L. Bertinetti et al., "Surface characteristics of nanocrystalline apatites: effect of Mg surface enrichment on morphology, surface hydration species, and cationic environments," Langmuir, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 5647-5654, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la804230j
[3] P. Bhattacharya, A. Dey, and S. Neogi, "An insight into the mechanism of antibacterial activity by magnesium oxide nanoparticles," Journal of Materials Chemistry B, vol. 9, no. 26, pp. 5329-5339, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TB00875G
[4] D.-R. Di, Z.-Z. He, Z.-Q. Sun, and J. Liu, "A new nano-cryosurgical modality for tumor treatment using biodegradable MgO nanoparticles," Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1233-1241, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2012.02.010
[5] K. Krishnamoorthy, J. Y. Moon, H. B. Hyun, S. K. Cho, and S.-J. Kim, "Mechanistic investigation on the toxicity of MgO nanoparticles toward cancer cells," Journal of materials chemistry, vol. 22, no. 47, pp. 24610-24617, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm35087d
[6] B. Mangalampalli, N. Dumala, and P. Grover, "Acute oral toxicity study of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and microparticles in female albino Wistar rats," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 90, pp. 170-184, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.005
[7] B. Mangalampalli, N. Dumala, R. Perumalla Venkata, and P. Grover, "Genotoxicity, biochemical, and biodistribution studies of magnesium oxide nano and microparticles in albino Wistar rats after 28?day repeated oral exposure," Environmental Toxicology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 396-410, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22526
[8] N. Mazaheri, N. Naghsh, A. Karimi, and H. Salavati, "In vivo toxicity investigation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in rat for environmental and biomedical applications," Iranian journal of biotechnology, vol. 17, no. 1, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.21859/ijb.1543
[9] H. C. Fischer and W. C. Chan, "Nanotoxicity: the growing need for in vivo study," Current opinion in biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 565-571, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2007.11.008
[10] M. Hanot-Roy et al., "Oxidative stress pathways involved in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on cells constitutive of alveolo-capillary barrier in vitro," Toxicology in vitro, vol. 33, pp. 125-135, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.013
[11] G. Fabre et al., "Synergism of antioxidant action of vitamins E, C and quercetin is related to formation of molecular associations in biomembranes," Chemical Communications, vol. 51, no. 36, pp. 7713-7716, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC00636H
[12] B. W. Magdy, F. E. s. Mohamed, A. S. Amin, and S. S. Rana, "Ameliorative effect of antioxidants (vitamins C and E) against abamectin toxicity in liver, kidney and testis of male albino rats," The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology, vol. 77, pp. 69-82, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2016.10.002
[13] S. B. Nimse and D. Pal, "Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms," RSC advances, vol. 5, no. 35, pp. 27986-28006, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA13315C
[14] E. Niki, "Synergistic inhibition of oxidation by vitamin E and vitamin C," in Cellular Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms: CRC Press, 2019, pp. 111-122.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429289309-6
[15] P. Konieczka, M. Barszcz, M. Choct, and S. Smulikowska, "The interactive effect of dietary n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio and vitamin E level on tissue lipid peroxidation, DNA damage in intestinal epithelial cells, and gut morphology in chickens of different ages," Poultry Science, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 149-158, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex274
[16] L. Kong, W. Hu, C. Lu, K. Cheng, and M. Tang, "Mechanisms underlying nickel nanoparticle induced reproductive toxicity and chemo-protective effects of vitamin C in male rats," Chemosphere, vol. 218, pp. 259-265, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.128
[17] M. Shamel, D. Riad, and M. Al Ankily, "Histological and ultrastructural study of silver nanoparticles toxicity and the possible protective effect of vitamin c on submandibular salivary glands of albino rats," 2021.
https://doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000428
[18] D. Nemenqani, O. El-Gharib, A. M. Ahmed, and A. R. Baiuomy, "The protective effects of antioxidant (vitamin C) against hepatic oxidative damage induced by zinc oxide nanoparticals," IRJABS, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 502-9, 2015.
[19] A. Chakraborty and N. R. Jana, "Vitamin C-conjugated nanoparticle protects cells from oxidative stress at low doses but induces oxidative stress and cell death at high doses," ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 9, no. 48, pp. 41807-41817, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16055
[20] Y. Wang et al., "A combined toxicity study of zinc oxide nanoparticles and vitamin C in food additives," Nanoscale, vol. 6, no. 24, pp. 15333-15342, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR05480F
[21] M. M. Bakr, M. M. Al-Ankily, S. M. Shogaa, and M. Shamel, "Attenuating Effect of Vitamin E against Silver Nano Particles Toxicity in Submandibular Salivary Glands," Bioengineering, vol. 8, no. 12, p. 219, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8120219
[22] A. Moradi, N. Ziamajidi, A. Ghafourikhosroshahi, and R. Abbasalipourkabir, "Effects of vitamin A and vitamin E on attenuation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced toxicity in the liver of male Wistar rats," Molecular biology reports, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 2919-2932, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04752-4
[23] Y. M. Shotop and I. N. Al-Suwiti, "The possible role of vitamins E and C in reducing the toxicity of copper nanoparticles in the kidney and liver of the rats (Rattus norvegicus)," Journal of King Saud University-Science, vol. 33, no. 2, p. 101357, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101357
[24] H. N. G. El-Hak, E. E. ELaraby, A. K. Hassan, and O. A. Abbas, "Study of the toxic effect and safety of vitamin E supplement in male albino rats after 30 days of repeated treatment," Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 10, p. e02645, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02645
[25] A. M. Mohammad, S. M. A. Ridha, and T. H. Mubarak, "Dielectric properties of Cr-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesis by citrate-gel auto combustion method," Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 6026-6035, 2018.
[26] M. Gómez, D. J. Sánchez, J. M. Llobet, J. Corbella, and J. Domingo, "The effect of age on aluminum retention in rats," Toxicology, vol. 116, no. 1-3, pp. 1-8, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03512-3
[27] A. Mohammada, H. A. Al-Jafa, H. S. Ahmeda, M. Mohammedb, and Z. Khodairc, "Structural and morphological studies of ZnO nanostructures," JOURNAL OF OVONIC RESEARCH, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 443-452, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.15251/JOR.2022.183.443
[28] S. H. Jaafar et al., "Influence of Calcination Temperature on Crystal Growth and Optical Characteristics of Eu3+ Doped ZnO/Zn2SiO4 Composites Fabricated via Simple Thermal Treatment Method," Crystals, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 115, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020115
[29] A. Mohammad, M. Mohammed, and L. Hussein, "Structural, Magnetic And Optical Properties Of Co0. 5Ni0. 5Fe2O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized By Sol-Gel Auto Combustion Method," Digest Journal Of Nanomaterials And Biostructures, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 231-241, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.15251/DJNB.2020.151.231
[30] D. Raoufi, "Synthesis and microstructural properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by precipitation method," Renewable Energy, vol. 50, pp. 932-937, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.076
[31] N. Asare et al., "Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles in testicular cells," Toxicology, vol. 291, no. 1-3, pp. 65-72, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.022
[32] T. S. Hauck, R. E. Anderson, H. C. Fischer, S. Newbigging, and W. C. Chan, "In vivo quantum?dot toxicity assessment," Small, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 138-144, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200900626
[33] L. Espinosa-Cristobal et al., "Toxicity, distribution, and accumulation of silver nanoparticles in Wistar rats," Journal of nanoparticle research, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1-12, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1702-6
[34] N. Hadrup and H. R. Lam, "Oral toxicity of silver ions, silver nanoparticles and colloidal silver-a review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.002
[35] D. R. Dufour, J. A. Lott, F. S. Nolte, D. R. Gretch, R. S. Koff, and L. B. Seeff, "Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. I. Performance characteristics of laboratory tests," Clinical chemistry, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 2027-2049, 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027
[36] C. E. Ophardt, "Virtual chembook," Elmhurst College, pp. 121-125, 2003.
[37] G.-Y. Liou and P. Storz, "Reactive oxygen species in cancer," Free radical research, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 479-496, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.3109/10715761003667554
[38] C. Mylonas and D. Kouretas, "Lipid peroxidation and tissue damage," In Vivo (Athens, Greece), vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 295-309, 1999.
[39] M. Kumari et al., "Repeated oral dose toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles: biochemical and histopathological alterations in different tissues of rats," Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 2149-2159, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.5796
[40] F. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Liu, X. Chang, C. Chen, and Y. Zhao, "Cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials," small, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1322-1337, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201100001
[41] O. B. Nnamdi, J. Nyebuchi, A. O. Collins, and Z. L. Udu, "Effects of Vitamin E on Chronic Haematoxicity of Paraquat Exposed Male Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)."
[42] R. Saravanan and V. Pugalendi, "Impact of ursolic acid on chronic ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the rat heart," Pharmacological Reports, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 41, 2006.
[43] E. J. Simon, C. S. Gross, and A. T. Milhorat, "The metabolism of vitamin E. 1. The absorption and excretion of d-?-tocopheroI-5-methyl-C14-succinate," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 221, pp. 797-805, 1956.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65193-2
[44] J. Abilés et al., "Oxidative stress is increased in critically ill patients according to antioxidant vitamins intake, independent of severity: a cohort study," Critical care, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1-9, 2006.
[45] M. Mayer, "Association of serum bilirubin concentration with risk of coronary artery disease," Clinical chemistry, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1723-1727, 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.11.1723
[46] F. Dahdouh, A. Salah, R. Mohamed, and K. Zine, "Effect of the joint supplementation of vitamin c and vitamin e on nickel heamatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male swiss albino mice," Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 234-239, 2016.
[47] R. Yanardag, O. Ozsoy-Sacan, S. Ozdil, and S. Bolkent, "Combined effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, and sodium selenate supplementation on absolute ethanol-induced injury in various organs of rats," International journal of toxicology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 513-523, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/10915810701707296
Downloads
How to Cite
[1]
S. I. Majeed, S. M. Mohammed, and A. M. Mohammad, “Bioaccumulation and Evaluation of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Toxicity and Combination Effects of Vitamin E and C with it on Exposed Male Rats”, KJAR, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.24017/Science.2023.1.1.
Article Metrics
Published
03-02-2023
Issue
Section
Pure and Applied Science
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Soma Ismael Majeed, Sulaf Mustafa Mohammed, Ali Mustafa Mohammad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
