LoRa: A Proposed Connectivity Technology for Internet of Things Applications in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2021.2.3
Abstract views: 1116 / PDF downloads: 637Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become one of the most important trends of this century. Recent advances in many different communication technologies and protocols, and access to low-cost and low-power microcontrollers and sensors have made it more prevalent.
Globally, most IoT adoption comes from developed countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Western Europe, and East Asia, as these countries have a well-established nationwide IoT infrastructure. In contrast, the IoT application in developing countries such as Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) remains restricted as deployment faces main challenges. On the one hand, selecting the right technology for IoT applications can be complicated with so many IoT connectivity technologies such as Cellular, Wi-Fi, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), Bluetooth, and ZigBee on the market. On the other hand, the main impediment seems to be the lack of IoT infrastructure technologies in developing countries.
In this paper, a comparative study on the main LPWAN technologies has been carried out in terms of cost and coverage of the network and range to become connectivity technology for IoT applications in the KRI. Based on the study, LoRa technology has been presented and proposed as the optimal connectivity technology to establish an IoT infrastructure for the KRI. The proposed network enables the deployment of IoT applications easier and faster. In addition, various LoRa based IoT applications have been proposed that benefit many sectors. A potential application has been set out as a case study to show case the significance of the new infrastructure.
The proposed LoRaWAN infrastructure can accommodate a vast range of applications and will revolutionize IoT applications in the KRI as it enables data transmission over a long distance while using extremely low power.
Keywords:
LPWAN, IoT, LoRa, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and KRI.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2019.2949598
[3] J. Lin, W. Yu, N. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Zhang, and W. Zhao, "A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 1125-1142, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2683200
[4] "Which countries are most prepared for Internet of Things development?le." [Online]. Available: https://www.i-scoop.eu/internet-of-things-iot/countries-prepared-internet-things/. [Accessed: 22-Sep-2021].
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[6] A. Krishnan, "LoRaWAN and Multi-RAN Architecture Connecting the Next Billion IoT Devices." 2020.
[7] "Innovative application on LoRa measures the presence of protected animal species and gives a boost to renovation task." [Online]. Available: https://www.overons.kpn/en/news/2021/innovative-application-onlora-measures-the-presence-of-protected-animal-species-and-gives-a-boost-to-renovation-task. [Accessed: 21-Sep-2021].
[8] A. Lopez-Vargas, M. Fuentes, and M. Vivar, "Challenges and opportunities of the internet of things for global development to achieve the united nations sustainable development goals," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 37202-37213, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2975472
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https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEV.2016.7760066
[10] G. Alazie Dagnaw and S. Ebabye Tsige, "Impact of Internet of Thing in Developing Country: Systematic Review," Internet Things Cloud Comput., vol. 7, no. 3, p. 65, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iotcc.20190703.12
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[12] Shahab W. Kareem, "INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) WITH ARDUINO," Bayan University (BNU), 2019. [Online]. Available: https://bnu.edu.iq/en/node/56. [Accessed: 29-Jul-2021].
[13] "Internet of Things (IOT) Workshop," Zain Iraq, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.iq.zain.com/en/iot-workshop. [Accessed: 26-Jul-2021].
[14] "ISPs in KRG," mMnistry of Transport and Communicatins, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://gov.krd/motac/publications. [Accessed: 04-Oct-2021].
[15] "FastLink Telecom." [Online]. Available: https://www.fast-link.com/FASTLINKTELECOM. [Accessed: 21-Sep-2021].
[16] M. Al-jebouri and D. Michael, "Open for Business Planting the Seeds," 2014.
[17] Y. Song, J. Lin, M. Tang, and S. Dong, "An Internet of Energy Things Based on Wireless LPWAN," Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 460-466, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.011
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https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2948888
[20] M. Bacco et al., "Smart farming: Opportunities, challenges and technology enablers," 2018 IoT Vert. Top. Summit Agric. - Tuscany, IOT Tuscany 2018, pp. 1-6, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IOT-TUSCANY.2018.8373043
[21] N. Islam, M. M. Rashid, F. Pasandideh, B. Ray, S. Moore, and R. Kadel, "A review of applications and communication technologies for internet of things (Iot) and unmanned aerial vehicle (uav) based sustainable smart farming," Sustain., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1-20, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041821
[22] "FREEDOM ON THE NET," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://freedomhouse.org/country/iraq/freedomnet/2021. [Accessed: 04-Oct-2021].
[23] K. Buchholz, "Where 5G Technology Has Been Deployed," statista, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/chart/23194/5g-networks-deployment-world-map/. [Accessed: 26-Jul-2021].
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[25] K. Mekki, E. Bajic, F. Chaxel, and F. Meyer, "A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment," ICT Express, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2017.12.005
[26] B. Foubert and N. Mitton, "Long-range wireless radio technologies: A survey," Futur. Internet, vol. 12, no. 1, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12010013
[27] N. Islam, B. Ray, and F. Pasandideh, "IoT Based Smart Farming: Are the LPWAN Technologies Suitable for Remote Communication?," Proc. - 2020 IEEE Int. Conf. Smart Internet Things, SmartIoT 2020, pp. 270-276, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartIoT49966.2020.00048
[28] B. Vejlgaard, M. Lauridsen, H. Nguyen, P. Mogensen, and M. Sørensen, "2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).," 2017.
[29] T. M. Workgroup, "A technical overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN What is it?," 2015. [Online]. Available: https://lora-alliance.org/resource-hub/what-lorawantm. [Accessed: 25-Apr-2021].
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https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147717699412
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https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185044
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[34] "Water Resources in Iraq." [Online]. Available: https://water.fanack.com/iraq/water-resources-in-iraq/. [Accessed: 26-Sep-2021].
[35] M. A. Yousuf, N. Rapantova, and J. H. Younis, "Sustainable water management in Iraq (Kurdistan) as a challenge for governmental responsibility," Water (Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1-19, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111651
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[37] M. Pégulu, "Conserving Utility Resources With LoRaWAN IoT Solutions," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://blog.semtech.com/conserving-utility-resources-with-lorawan-iot-solutions. [Accessed: 28-Jun-2021].
[38] "Ultrasonic Smart Meter - Gas Metering Solution," cavagna group. .
[39] J. Petäjäjärvi, K. Mikhaylov, R. Yasmin, M. Hämäläinen, and J. Iinatti, "Evaluation of LoRa LPWAN Technology for Indoor Remote Health and Wellbeing Monitoring," Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Networks, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 153-165, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-017-0341-8
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How to Cite
[1]
S. S. Ahmad and B. I. Saeed, “LoRa: A Proposed Connectivity Technology for Internet of Things Applications in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq”, KJAR, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 20–34, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.24017/science.2021.2.3.
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Published
15-12-2021
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