Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, and D among Thalassemia patients in Sulaimani Governorate
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.2.20
Abstract views: 1339 / PDF downloads: 916Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with hepatitis viruses in particular making global impact on socioeconomic development and this infection remains a serious public health issue. This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis B, C and D among multi-transfused risk groups in Sulaimani Governorate, 120 major thalassemic patients were tested by serological and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and Recombinant ImmunoBlot Assay (RIBA) test was done as a confirmatory test for all HCV ELISA positive patients. It was observed that the prevalence of HCV was higher (29.1%) comparing to HBV (22.5%) and HDV (3.3%). The prevalence of HCV-HBV coinfection was (5%), HCV-HBV-HDV coinfections were (0.83%). Statistical analysis showed that the age was significantly effective on the prevalence of HBV (p = 0.009), parenteral medication users showed a significant relation with HBV and HCV prevalence (p = 0.03 and 0.041) respectively. The blood transfusion frequency was significantly related to HBV and HCV prevalence (p = 0.042 and 0.035) respectively. It was noticed that vaccination significantly related to HBV prevalence among thalassemic patients (p = 0.002).
Keywords:
HCV, HBV, HDV, ELISA, Co-infection, Thalassemia
References
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https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46651993000300008
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https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-0974-2.00055-5
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41. U. Saeed; Y. Waheed; M. Ashraf; U. Waheed; S. Anjum and M. Sohail. Estimation of hepatitis B Virus, hepatitis c Virus, and different clinical Parameters in the Thalassemic Population of capital Twin cities?of Pakistan. Virology: Research and Treatment; 6: 11-16. 2015.
https://doi.org/10.4137/VRT.S31744
42. S. Khalil; H. S. Khan; P. Akhtar. Status of Hepatitis B and C in Beta Thalassemia Major Patients. Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College (JIMDC); 5 (2): 71-73. 2016.
43. S. A. Hama. Hepatitis C seropositivity and RNA detection among Type2 Diabetic patients in Sulaimani Governorate- Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani-A-.18-4; 1-8. 2016
https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10555
https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.32.Suppl.S47
2. A. J. Zuckerman. Alphabet of hepatitis viruses. Lancet; 347:558-9. 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91267-2
3. C. Seeger; W. S. Mason. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev; 64:51-68. 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000
4. D. Ganem; A. M. Prince. Hepatitis B infection: natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med; 350:1118-29. 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra031087
5. J. E. Maynard; M. A. Kane; M. J. Alter; S. C. Hadler. Control of hepatitis B by immunization: global perspective. In: Zuckerman AJ, editor. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss Inc., pp. 967-9. 1988.
6. F. B. Hollinger; T. J. Liang. Hepatitis B virus. In: Knipe D. M; Howley P. M; and editors. Fields Virology. 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; pp. 2971 -3036. 2001.
7. L. F. He; D. Alling; T. Popkin; M. Shapiro; H. J. Alter; R. H. Purcell. Determining the size of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus by filtration. J Infect Dis; 156, 636-640. 1987.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/156.4.636
8. K. Ohba; M. Mizokami; J. Y. Lau; E. Orito; K. Ikeo; T. Gojobori. Evolutionary relationship of hepatitis C, pesti-, flavi-, plantviruses, and newly discovered GB hepatitis agents. FEBS Lett; 378, 232-234. 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(95)01441-1
9. Y. K. Shimizu; S. M. Feinstone; M. Kohara; R. H. Purcell; H. Yoshikura. Hepatitis C virus: detection of intracellular virus particles by electron microscopy. Hepatology; 23 (2):205-9. 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510230202
10. WHO. Weekly epidemiological record: World Health Organization. 1999.
11. S. H. Mehta; A. Cox; D. R. Hoover. Protection against persistence of hepatitis C. Lancet; 359: 1478-83. 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08435-0
12. G. Luo; S. Xin; Z. Cai. Role of the 5'-proximal stem-loop structure of the 5' untranslated region in replication and translation of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Virol; 77, 3312-3318. 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.5.3312-3318.2003
13. J. Fernandez; D. Taylor; D. R. Morhardt; K. Mihalik; M. Puig; C. M. Rice; S. M. Feinstone; M. E. Major. Long-term persistence of infection in chimpanzees inoculated with an infectious hepatitis C virus clone is associated with a decrease in the viral amino acid substitution rate and low levels of heterogeneity. J Virol; 78, 9782-9789. 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.18.9782-9789.2004
14. J. P. Monjardino; J. A. Saldanha. Delta hepatitis. The disease and the virus. Br Med Bull; 46(2): 399-407. 1990.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072406
15. M. M. C. Lai, "Hepatitis Delta virus. In: Encyclopedia of Virology (Webster RG, Granoff A, editors), London: Academic Press Ltd, pp. 574-580, 1994.
16. M. Rizzetto, B. Hoyer, M. G. Canese, J. W. K. Shih, R. H. Purcell, J. L. Gerin, "Delta agent: association of delta antigen with hepatitis B surface antigen and RNA in serum of delta-infected chimpanzees, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, vol. 77, pp. 6124-6128, 1980.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.77.10.6124
17. T. I. Huo; J. C. Wu; S. I. Wu; A. L. Chang; S. K. Lin; C. H. Pan; Y. H. Huang; F. Y. Chang; S. D. Lee. Changing seroepidemiology of hepatitis B, C, and D virus infections in high-risk populations. J Med Virology; 72: 41-45. 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10554
18. M. C. C. Lai. The molecular biology of hepatitis Delta virus. Annual Review of Biochemistry; 64:259-286. 1995.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.001355
19. J. M. Taylor. Hepatitis Delta virus and its replication. In: Fields Virology (Fields B.N, Knipe D.M, Howley P.M, editors), 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; pp. 2809-2818. 1996.
20. R. H. Purcell; J. L. Gerin. Hepatitis Delta virus. In: Knipe D. M; Howley P. M; and editors. Fields Virology. 3th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; pp. 2819-2829. 1996.
21. T. N. Williams; B. Wonke; S. M. Donohue. A study of hepatitis B and C prevalence and liver function in multiply transfused thalassemic and their parents. Indian Pediatrics; 29(9):1119-24. 1992.
22. M. Montalembert; R. Cirot. Infections In Thalasscmie Patients (Hepatitis And Bone Marrow Trans¬plantation Related Infections Excluded). Prog. Clin. Biol. Res; 309:231-238. 1989.
23. G. B. Schreiber; M. P. Busch; S. H. Kleinman; J. J. Korelitz. The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections. The Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. N Engl J Med; 334(26):1685-90. 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199606273342601
24. S. Khalil; H. S. Khan; P. Akhtar. Status of Hepatitis B and C in Beta Thalassemia Major Patients. Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College (JIMDC); 5 (2): 71-73. 2016.
25. E. Angelucci; F. Pilo. Treatment of hepatitis C in patients with thalassemia. Haematologica; 93 (8): 1121-1123. 2008.
https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.13500
26. M. M. Ansar; A. Kooloobandi. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in thalassemia and haemodialysis patients in north Iran-Rasht. J Viral Hepat; 9(5):390-2. 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.2002.00368.x
27. G. Sirchia.; A. Bellobuono; A. Giovanetti and M. Marconi. Antibodies To Hepatitis C Virus In Italian Blood Donors. Lancet; 11:797. 1989.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90852-0
28. P. Triadou; A. Regnat-Lusinciii; R. Cirot. Use of Ferritin/Alanine Aspartate Transaminase Ratio As An Iron Overload Marker Independent Of Liver Cell Damage. Europ.J. I [Acmatol.], 43:423-427. 1989.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.1989.tb00330.x
29. M. A. F. El-Hazmi; and S. Ramia. Frequencies of Hepatitis B, Delta and Human Immune Deficiency Virus Markers in Multitransfused Saudi Patients with Thalas¬semia and Sickle-Cell Disease. J. Trop. Med. Hyg; 92:1-5. 1989.
30. C. Politis. Complications of blood transfusion in thalassemia. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res.; 309:67-76. 1989.
31. D. T. Covas; E. B. Neto; M. A. Zago. The frequency of blood-borne viral infections in a population of multitransfused Brazilian patients. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo; 35 (3): 271-273. 1993.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46651993000300008
32. D. Prati; A. Zanella; E. Farma. A multicenter prospective study on the risk of acquiring liver disease in anti-hepatitis C virus negative patients affected from homozygous beta-thalassemia. Blood; 92:3460-3464. 1998.
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V92.9.3460
33. K. Q. Hu. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its clinical implications. J. Viral Hepatitis; 9: 243-257. 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.2002.00344.x
34. S. Miemomen; S. M. Alavian; B. Hajarizadeh; J. Kafaee; B. Yektaparast. Epidemiology of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infections in patients with beta-thalassemia in Iran: A multicenter study. Arch. Iran Med.; 9: 319-323. 2006.
35. J. P. Allain. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: Implications in transfusion. Vox Sang, 86: 83-91. 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0042-9007.2004.00406.x
36. J. A. Marero; A. S. Lok. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Innocent bystander, cofactor, or culprit? Gastroenterology; 126: 347-350. 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.021
37. H. Toyoda; K. Hayashi; Y. Murakami; T. Honda; Y. Katano. Prevalence and clinical implications of occult hepatitis B viral infection in hemophilia patients in Japan. J. Med. Virology; 73: 195-199. 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20075
38. A. Tamaddoni; I. Mohammadzadeh; O. Ziaei. Seroprevalence of HCV Antibody among Patients with ?-Thalassemia Major in Amirkola Thalassemia Center, Iran. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol March; 6(1): 41-43. 2007.
39. M. Costello; I. M. Sabatini; M. Yungbluth. Viral infections. In: "Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. (McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds)". Henry's 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-0974-2.00055-5
40. M. D. Khaled. Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infections among thalassemia patients in Nineveh governorate, Iraq. Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Zool.), 10(1): 85-87. 2014.
41. U. Saeed; Y. Waheed; M. Ashraf; U. Waheed; S. Anjum and M. Sohail. Estimation of hepatitis B Virus, hepatitis c Virus, and different clinical Parameters in the Thalassemic Population of capital Twin cities?of Pakistan. Virology: Research and Treatment; 6: 11-16. 2015.
https://doi.org/10.4137/VRT.S31744
42. S. Khalil; H. S. Khan; P. Akhtar. Status of Hepatitis B and C in Beta Thalassemia Major Patients. Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College (JIMDC); 5 (2): 71-73. 2016.
43. S. A. Hama. Hepatitis C seropositivity and RNA detection among Type2 Diabetic patients in Sulaimani Governorate- Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani-A-.18-4; 1-8. 2016
https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10555
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S. A. Hama and M. I. Sawa, “Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, and D among Thalassemia patients in Sulaimani Governorate”, KJAR, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 137–142, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.24017/science.2017.2.20.
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30-07-2017
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