Detection of Antichlamydial Antibody in Patients With Ectopic Pregnancy and Normal Pregnancy
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2020.ICHMS2020.18
Abstract views: 1225 / PDF downloads: 591Abstract
Aim of the current research is to assess the Chlamydia Trachomatis infection role in the development of early pregnancy complication including ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage in Sulaimanyia Maternity Teaching Hospital. It is a comparative study conducted in Gynecology Clinic and Emergency department of Sulaimanyia Maternity Teaching Hospital during the period from 1st of September 2018 to 31st of March 2019. The study groups included of 70 pregnant women; the first group included 35 ectopic pregnant women and the second group included 35 normal pregnant women that both groups had been selected randomly. Pregnant women with history of ectopic pregnancies, women used intrauterine device, in vitro fertilization, assisted reproduction and history of pelvic surgery. Blood sample (2 ml venous blood) collected to test for antibodies level for Chlamydia Trachomatis by Alegria test system for both studied groups and patients with ectopic pregnancy detected by beta human chorionic gonadotropin and ultrasound scanning. The collected data analyzed by SPSS program and for compare between means of two variables independent sample t-test was used while for comparison of categorical variables Chi square test was used with considering ? 0.05 P-value as significant level. The results shows that the mean age of normal pregnancy were (28.3±4.6) group compared with mean age ectopic pregnancy (29.5±4.9) group. The mean IgG (6.3±5.1) of patients with ectopic pregnancy was found to be significantly higher than mean IgG (2.8±1.1) for normal pregnant patients (P-value 0.01) and IgM mean (4.5±2.4) of patients with ectopic pregnancy was significantly higher than mean IgM (1.6±1.2) for normal pregnant patients with P-value 0.01. In conclusion, infection of Chlamydia Trachomatis has a significant relationship with the development of ectopic pregnancy therefor screening and treatment of Chlamydia infection may reduce ectopic pregnancy rate with low cost
Keywords:
Chlamydia trachomatis, Ectopic pregnancy, Antibodies.
References
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https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20184162
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https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-9-24
[4] L. Shen, J. Fu, W. Huang, H. Zhu, Q. Wang, S. Yang, et al., "Interventions for non?tubal ectopic pregnancy," Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011174
[5] A. Mandal. (2019, 20-4-2019). Types of Ectopic Pregnancy. Available: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of-Ectopic-Pregnancy.aspx
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[7] L. L. Marion and G. R. Meeks, "Ectopic pregnancy: history, incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors," Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 55, pp. 376-386, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e3182516d7b
[8] E. Malacova, A. Kemp, R. Hart, K. Jama-Alol, and D. B. Preen, "Long-term risk of ectopic pregnancy varies by method of tubal sterilization: a whole-population study," Fertility and sterility, vol. 101, pp. 728-734, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.127
[9] S. Gupta and V. Prabha, "Intravaginal delivery approaches for contraception: an overview with emphasis on gels," Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 270-284, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.18433/J3FM06
[10] K. M. Perkins, S. L. Boulet, D. M. Kissin, D. J. Jamieson, and N. A. S. Group, "Risk of ectopic pregnancy associated with assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2001-2011," Obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 125, p. 70, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000584
[11] J. L. Shaw, G. S. Wills, K.-F. Lee, P. J. Horner, M. O. McClure, V. M. Abrahams, et al., "Chlamydia trachomatis infection increases fallopian tube PROKR2 via TLR2 and NF?B activation resulting in a microenvironment predisposed to ectopic pregnancy," The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 178, pp. 253-260, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.019
[12] V. N. Sivalingam, W. C. Duncan, E. Kirk, L. A. Shephard, and A. W. Horne, "Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy," Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, vol. 37, pp. 231-240, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0073
[13] J. L. TENORE. (Feb 15, 2000 23/4/2019). Ectopic Pregnancy. Available: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0215/p1080.html
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-2929-2
[15] A. Daponte, S. Pournaras, E. Deligeoroglou, H. Skentou, and I. E. Messinis, "Serum interleukin-1?, interleukin-8 and anti-heat shock 60 Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies as markers of ectopic pregnancy," Journal of reproductive immunology, vol. 93, pp. 102-108, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2012.01.003
[16] C. Bjartling, S. Osser, and K. Persson, "Deoxyribonucleic acid of Chlamydia trachomatis in fresh tissue from the Fallopian tubes of patients with ectopic pregnancy," European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 134, pp. 95-100, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.06.010
[17] L. C. Kenny and J. E. Myers, "Antenatal Obstetrics Complications," in Obstetrics by ten teachers, ed: CRC Press, 2017, p. 156.
[18] I. M. Linhares and S. S. Witkin, "Immunopathogenic consequences of Chlamydia trachomatis 60 kDa heat shock protein expression in the female reproductive tract," Cell Stress and Chaperones, vol. 15, pp. 467-473, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-010-0171-4
[19] N. Corlis. (2015, 25/4/2019). Everything about Chlamydia and Chlamydia Testing. Available: https://www.stdcheck.com/blog/everything-about-chlamydia-and-chlamydia-testing/
[20] H. Bokhari, "Anti Chlamydial Antibodies in Women with Ectopic Pregnancy," Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, vol. 21, pp. 215-218, 2017.
[21] L. Newman, J. Rowley, S. Vander Hoorn, N. S. Wijesooriya, M. Unemo, N. Low, et al., "Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting," PloS one, vol. 10, p. e0143304, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143304
[22] S. C. Woodhall, G. S. Wills, P. J. Horner, R. Craig, J. S. Mindell, G. Murphy, et al., "Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 antibody population Seroprevalence before and during an era of widespread opportunistic chlamydia screening in England (1994-2012)," PLoS One, vol. 12, p. e0152810, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152810
[23] F. Van Aar, M. De Moraes, S. Morré, J. Van Bergen, F. van der Klis, J. Land, et al., "Chlamydia trachomatis IgG seroprevalence in the general population of the Netherlands in 1996 and in 2007: differential changes by gender and age," Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol. 90, pp. 434-440, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051074
[24] F. T. Abdullah, "Study the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in ectopic pregnancy in Iraqi women," Jornal of Biotechnology Research Center, vol. 6, pp. 19-25, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2012.6.1.193
[25] D. P. Mpiima, G. Wasswa Salongo, H. Lugobe, A. Ssemujju, O. Mumbere Mulisya, A. Masinda, et al., "Association between Prior Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Ectopic Pregnancy at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Western Uganda," Obstetrics and gynecology international, vol. 2018, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4827353
[26] K. Agholor, L. Omo-Aghoja, and F. Okonofua, "Association of anti-Chlamydia antibodies with ectopic pregnancy in Benin City, Nigeria: a case-control study," African health sciences, vol. 13, pp. 430-440, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i2.33
[27] A. Keyhani, M. Nazer, and A. Mirsalehian, "Evaluation of serum Chlamydia IgG antibody in women with tubal factor infertility," Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 150-153, 2006.
[28] S. Peivandi, N. Moslemizadeh, S. Gharajeh, and A. Ajami, "The role of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibody testing in predicting tubal factor infertility in Northern Iran," International Journal of Fertility and Sterility, vol. 3, pp. 143-148, 2009.
[29] A. M. Ashshi, S. A. Batwa, S. Y. Kutbi, F. A. Malibary, M. Batwa, and B. Refaat, "Prevalence of 7 sexually transmitted organisms by multiplex real-time PCR in Fallopian tube specimens collected from Saudi women with and without ectopic pregnancy," BMC infectious diseases, vol. 15, p. 569, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1313-1
[30] K. Hufnagel, S. Lueong, M. Willhauck-Fleckenstein, A. Hotz-Wagenblatt, B. Miao, A. Bauer, et al., "Immunoprofiling of Chlamydia trachomatis using whole-proteome microarrays generated by on-chip in situ expression," Scientific reports, vol. 8, pp. 1-12, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25918-3
[31] A. K. Makled, O. S. Elkady, K. H. Swedan, H. M. Sammour, and E. A. Mohamed, "Relationship between serum Chlamydia trachomatis antibody titer and tubal block in infertile Egyptian women," Middle East Fertility Society Journal, vol. 18, pp. 38-41, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2012.09.007
[32] J. E. Park, J.-S. Yuk, I. A. Cho, J. C. Baek, J.-h. Lee, and J. K. Park, "Ectopic pregnancy incidence in the Republic of Korea in 2009-2015: A population-based cross-sectional study," Scientific reports, vol. 8, pp. 1-5, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35466-5
[33] E. A. El Hakim, U. D. Gordon, and V. A. Akande, "The relationship between serum Chlamydia antibody levels and severity of disease in infertile women with tubal damage," Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, vol. 281, pp. 727-733, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1225-7
https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2015.0693
[2] S. S. Angela George, "Chlamydia infection as a risk factor in ectopic pregnancy: a case control study," International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 7, p. 4254, October 2018 2018.
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20184162
[3] A. L. Patel, D. Sachdev, P. Nagpal, U. Chaudhry, S. C. Sonkar, S. L. Mendiratta, et al., "Prevalence of Chlamydia infection among women visiting a gynaecology outpatient department: evaluation of an in-house PCR assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis," Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, vol. 9, p. 24, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-9-24
[4] L. Shen, J. Fu, W. Huang, H. Zhu, Q. Wang, S. Yang, et al., "Interventions for non?tubal ectopic pregnancy," Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011174
[5] A. Mandal. (2019, 20-4-2019). Types of Ectopic Pregnancy. Available: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of-Ectopic-Pregnancy.aspx
[6] A. DeCherney and W. Agel, "Glob. libr. Women's med," ISSN, vol. 2228, p. 2008, 1756.
[7] L. L. Marion and G. R. Meeks, "Ectopic pregnancy: history, incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors," Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 55, pp. 376-386, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e3182516d7b
[8] E. Malacova, A. Kemp, R. Hart, K. Jama-Alol, and D. B. Preen, "Long-term risk of ectopic pregnancy varies by method of tubal sterilization: a whole-population study," Fertility and sterility, vol. 101, pp. 728-734, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.127
[9] S. Gupta and V. Prabha, "Intravaginal delivery approaches for contraception: an overview with emphasis on gels," Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 270-284, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.18433/J3FM06
[10] K. M. Perkins, S. L. Boulet, D. M. Kissin, D. J. Jamieson, and N. A. S. Group, "Risk of ectopic pregnancy associated with assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2001-2011," Obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 125, p. 70, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000584
[11] J. L. Shaw, G. S. Wills, K.-F. Lee, P. J. Horner, M. O. McClure, V. M. Abrahams, et al., "Chlamydia trachomatis infection increases fallopian tube PROKR2 via TLR2 and NF?B activation resulting in a microenvironment predisposed to ectopic pregnancy," The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 178, pp. 253-260, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.019
[12] V. N. Sivalingam, W. C. Duncan, E. Kirk, L. A. Shephard, and A. W. Horne, "Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy," Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, vol. 37, pp. 231-240, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0073
[13] J. L. TENORE. (Feb 15, 2000 23/4/2019). Ectopic Pregnancy. Available: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0215/p1080.html
[14] P. Rana, I. Kazmi, R. Singh, M. Afzal, F. A. Al-Abbasi, A. Aseeri, et al., "Ectopic pregnancy: a review," Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, vol. 288, pp. 747-757, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-2929-2
[15] A. Daponte, S. Pournaras, E. Deligeoroglou, H. Skentou, and I. E. Messinis, "Serum interleukin-1?, interleukin-8 and anti-heat shock 60 Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies as markers of ectopic pregnancy," Journal of reproductive immunology, vol. 93, pp. 102-108, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2012.01.003
[16] C. Bjartling, S. Osser, and K. Persson, "Deoxyribonucleic acid of Chlamydia trachomatis in fresh tissue from the Fallopian tubes of patients with ectopic pregnancy," European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 134, pp. 95-100, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.06.010
[17] L. C. Kenny and J. E. Myers, "Antenatal Obstetrics Complications," in Obstetrics by ten teachers, ed: CRC Press, 2017, p. 156.
[18] I. M. Linhares and S. S. Witkin, "Immunopathogenic consequences of Chlamydia trachomatis 60 kDa heat shock protein expression in the female reproductive tract," Cell Stress and Chaperones, vol. 15, pp. 467-473, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-010-0171-4
[19] N. Corlis. (2015, 25/4/2019). Everything about Chlamydia and Chlamydia Testing. Available: https://www.stdcheck.com/blog/everything-about-chlamydia-and-chlamydia-testing/
[20] H. Bokhari, "Anti Chlamydial Antibodies in Women with Ectopic Pregnancy," Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, vol. 21, pp. 215-218, 2017.
[21] L. Newman, J. Rowley, S. Vander Hoorn, N. S. Wijesooriya, M. Unemo, N. Low, et al., "Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting," PloS one, vol. 10, p. e0143304, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143304
[22] S. C. Woodhall, G. S. Wills, P. J. Horner, R. Craig, J. S. Mindell, G. Murphy, et al., "Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 antibody population Seroprevalence before and during an era of widespread opportunistic chlamydia screening in England (1994-2012)," PLoS One, vol. 12, p. e0152810, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152810
[23] F. Van Aar, M. De Moraes, S. Morré, J. Van Bergen, F. van der Klis, J. Land, et al., "Chlamydia trachomatis IgG seroprevalence in the general population of the Netherlands in 1996 and in 2007: differential changes by gender and age," Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol. 90, pp. 434-440, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051074
[24] F. T. Abdullah, "Study the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in ectopic pregnancy in Iraqi women," Jornal of Biotechnology Research Center, vol. 6, pp. 19-25, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2012.6.1.193
[25] D. P. Mpiima, G. Wasswa Salongo, H. Lugobe, A. Ssemujju, O. Mumbere Mulisya, A. Masinda, et al., "Association between Prior Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Ectopic Pregnancy at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Western Uganda," Obstetrics and gynecology international, vol. 2018, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4827353
[26] K. Agholor, L. Omo-Aghoja, and F. Okonofua, "Association of anti-Chlamydia antibodies with ectopic pregnancy in Benin City, Nigeria: a case-control study," African health sciences, vol. 13, pp. 430-440, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i2.33
[27] A. Keyhani, M. Nazer, and A. Mirsalehian, "Evaluation of serum Chlamydia IgG antibody in women with tubal factor infertility," Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 150-153, 2006.
[28] S. Peivandi, N. Moslemizadeh, S. Gharajeh, and A. Ajami, "The role of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibody testing in predicting tubal factor infertility in Northern Iran," International Journal of Fertility and Sterility, vol. 3, pp. 143-148, 2009.
[29] A. M. Ashshi, S. A. Batwa, S. Y. Kutbi, F. A. Malibary, M. Batwa, and B. Refaat, "Prevalence of 7 sexually transmitted organisms by multiplex real-time PCR in Fallopian tube specimens collected from Saudi women with and without ectopic pregnancy," BMC infectious diseases, vol. 15, p. 569, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1313-1
[30] K. Hufnagel, S. Lueong, M. Willhauck-Fleckenstein, A. Hotz-Wagenblatt, B. Miao, A. Bauer, et al., "Immunoprofiling of Chlamydia trachomatis using whole-proteome microarrays generated by on-chip in situ expression," Scientific reports, vol. 8, pp. 1-12, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25918-3
[31] A. K. Makled, O. S. Elkady, K. H. Swedan, H. M. Sammour, and E. A. Mohamed, "Relationship between serum Chlamydia trachomatis antibody titer and tubal block in infertile Egyptian women," Middle East Fertility Society Journal, vol. 18, pp. 38-41, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2012.09.007
[32] J. E. Park, J.-S. Yuk, I. A. Cho, J. C. Baek, J.-h. Lee, and J. K. Park, "Ectopic pregnancy incidence in the Republic of Korea in 2009-2015: A population-based cross-sectional study," Scientific reports, vol. 8, pp. 1-5, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35466-5
[33] E. A. El Hakim, U. D. Gordon, and V. A. Akande, "The relationship between serum Chlamydia antibody levels and severity of disease in infertile women with tubal damage," Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, vol. 281, pp. 727-733, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1225-7
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[1]
S. Jamal Murad, “Detection of Antichlamydial Antibody in Patients With Ectopic Pregnancy and Normal Pregnancy”, KJAR, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 160–167, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.24017/science.2020.ICHMS2020.18.
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12-12-2020
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