Epidemiology and Molecular Aspect of pediculosis among Primary School Children in Sulaimani Province Kurdistan-Iraq
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2020.ICHMS2020.1
Abstract views: 1457 / PDF downloads: 745Abstract
Pediculosis is the term for head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) and the other hairy parts infestation with any stages of lice. The lice is a human blood sucking ecto-parasite which can cause severe itching. Direct contact, Sharing of clothing and combs can be a way for lice transmission from infected person to another.This study had been done to determine the pediculosis infection rate and risk factors asociassion with head lice among primary schools children in Sulaimani Province, all cases were evaluated by physical examination (visual inspection) and detail structured questionnaire which was including education levels, family size, hair washing frequency, type and length of hair, mother occupation and education, father occupation, and education was used, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for confirming the head lice clade. A total of 4087 students was inspected from 13 primary schools in Sulaimani city, with the overall prevalence of 8.3%, The participants were 2046 males and 2041 females with prevalence 2.20% and 6.1% respectively. The age of respondents was between 5-13 years. The prevalence was higher in large family members in comparing to those with small family members. The amplicons product from Polymarase chain Reaction was visualized on 1.5% agarose gel, and expected DNA band size of head lice's was approximately 486 bp which confirms that these lice's belong to the head lice group clade A . In conclusion the school aged children in Sulaimani province were suffering from peiculosis with high prevalence rate and it has a direct impact on children cognitive and school activity performance.
Keywords:
Head lice, Pediculosis, Parasite, Primarischool children, itching, PCR.
References
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https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2018.59.2C.4
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00153-7
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https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.98072
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https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx165
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3540-6
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60250-0
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[21] 21 P. Manrique-Saide, N. Pavía-Ruz, J.C. Rodríguez-Buenfil, R. Herrera Herrera, P. Gómez-Ruiz, D. Pilger, "Prevalence of pediculosis capitis in children from a rural school in Yucatan, Mexico," Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 53(6), pp.325-7, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652011000600005
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[24] 24 M. Al Bashtawy, F. Hasna, "Pediculosis capitis among primary-school children in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan," Eastern MediterraneanHealth Journal, 18(1), pp.43-48, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.26719/2012.18.1.43
[25] M. Moosazadeh, M. Afshari, H. Keianian, A. Nezammahalleh, A.A. Enayati. "Prevalence of head lice infestation and its associated factors among primary school students in Iran a systematic review and meta-analysis, " Osong public health and research perspectives, 2015; 6(6), pp.346-56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.011
[26] M. Nazari, M. Saidijam, "Pediculus capitis infestation according to sex and social factors in Hamedan-Iran," Pakistan journal of biological science, 10(19), pp.3473-5, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.3473.3475
[27] A. Saghafipour, J. Nejati, A. Zahraei Ramazani, H. Vatandoost, E. Mozaffari, F. Rezaei, "Prevalence and risk factors associated with head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) in Central Iran," International Journal of Pediatrics, 5(7), pp.5245-54, 2017.
[28] A. Doroodgar et al., "The prevalence of pediculosis capitis and relevant factors in primary school students of Kashan, Central Iran," Asian Pacific J. Trop. Dis., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 500-504, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60616-2
[29] S.Ghobakhloo, "Survey the Prevalence of Pediculosis Capitis and its Associated Risk Factors among Girls' Schools Students in Garmsar City, Semnan Province (Iran) ," Lett Health Biol Sci 3(1): 20- 26, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.15436/2475-6245.18.1833
[30] H. Dagne, A.A. Biya, A. Tirfie, W.W. Yallew, B. Dagnew, "Prevalence of pediculosis capitis and associated factors among schoolchildren in Woreta town, northwest Ethiopia," BMC research notes, 12(1), pp.465, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4521-8
https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2018.59.2C.4
[2] J. Harman, P. Mason, Handbook of pharmacy healthcare diseases and patient advice, Pharmaceutical Press, London. 2002.
[3] Z. Yong, P.É. Fournier, E. Rydkina, D. Raoult, "The geographical segregation of human lice preceded that of Pediculus humanus capitis and Pediculus humanus," Comptes Rendus Biologies, 326(6), pp.565-74, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00153-7
[4] B. Madke, U. Khopkar, "Pediculosis capitis: An update," Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology, 78(4), pp.429-438, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.98072
[5] G. Chandralekha, "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Neem Leaves Powder (Azadrichta Indica) on Pediculosis Among School Children at A selected community in Chennai," International Journal for Advance Research and Development, 2(7), pp.29-32, 2017.
[6] A. A. Hama and Z. I. F. Rahemo, "Intestinal parasitosis in relation to haemoglobin concentration among primary schoolchildren in erbil province kurdistan-iraq," International Science Journal, 1(1),pp. 96-99, 2014.
[7] C. Cummings, J.C. Finlay, N..E. MacDonald, "Head lice infestations: A clinical update," Paediatrics & child health, 23(1), pp.18-24, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx165
[8] A. Judith, " Professional guide to diseases", Wolters Kluwer Health- Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2012.
[9] C. Burhgardt, "Lippincott's Guide to Infectious Diseases", Wolters Kluwer Health- Lippincott", Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2011.
[10] G. B. White, "Insects and hygiene. The biology and control of insect pests of medical and domestic importance. James R. Busvine, 1980 (3rd edition). London & New York: Chapman and Hall," Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, (75) 3, pp. 388-388, Jan. 1981.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(81)90099-7
[11] A.M. Downs, K.A. Stafford, G.C. Coles, "Head lice: prevalence in schoolchildren and insecticide resistance," Parasitology Today, 15(1), pp.1-4, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01361-1
[12] J. Harris, J.G. Crawshaw, S. Millership, "Incidence and prevalence of head lice in a district health authority area," Communicable disease and public health, 6 (3), pp.246-9, 2003.
[13] C. Cummings, J.C. Finlay, N.E. MacDonald, "Head lice infestations: A clinical update," Paediatrics & child health, 23(1), pp.18-24, 201.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx165
[14] K.N. Khidhir, C.K. Mahmood, W.K. Ali, "Prevalence of infestation with head lice Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer) in primary schoolchildren in the centre of Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq," Pakistan Entomologist, 39(2), pp.1-4, 2017.
[15] K.S. Al-Marjan, Q.M. Koyee, S.M. Abdullah, "In vitro study on the morphological development of eggs (nits) and other stages of head lice Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer," Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 27(3), pp.35-40, 2015.
[16] B. Koyo, C.S. Amanzougaghene, N. Davoust, B. et al. "Genetic diversity of human head lice and molecular detection of associated bacterial pathogens in Democratic Republic of Congo". Parasites Vectors 12, 290 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3540-6
[17] A. Kokturk, K. Baz, R. Bugdayci, T. Sasmaz, U. Tursen, T.I. Kaya, G. Ikizoglu, "The prevalence of pediculosis capitis in schoolchildren in Mersin, Turkey," International journal of dermatology, 42(9), pp.694-8, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01836.x
[18] K. Bartosik, A. Buczek, Z. Zajac, J. Kulisz, "Head pediculosis in schoolchildren in the eastern region of the European Union," Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 22(4), pp.599-603, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1185760
[19] W. Rassami, M. Soonwera, "Epidemiology of pediculosis capitis among schoolchildren in the eastern area of Bangkok, Thailand," Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(11), pp.901-4, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60250-0
[20] 20 B.S. Abdulla, "Morphological study and Prevalence of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis)(Anoplura: Pediculidae) infestation among some primary school students in Erbil City, Kurdistan region," ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 27(5), pp.29-36, 2015.
[21] 21 P. Manrique-Saide, N. Pavía-Ruz, J.C. Rodríguez-Buenfil, R. Herrera Herrera, P. Gómez-Ruiz, D. Pilger, "Prevalence of pediculosis capitis in children from a rural school in Yucatan, Mexico," Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 53(6), pp.325-7, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652011000600005
[22] G.F. Slonka, M.L. Fleissner, J. Berlin, J. Puleo, E.K. Harrod, M.G. Schultz, "An epidemic of Pediculosis capitis," The Journal of parasitology, 63(2), pp.377-83, 1977.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3280083
[23] 23 S.A. Mahmood, "Head pediculosis among in Baghdad area elementary schoolchildren," Iraqi Journal of Science, 51(1), pp.49-55, 2010.
[24] 24 M. Al Bashtawy, F. Hasna, "Pediculosis capitis among primary-school children in Mafraq Governorate, Jordan," Eastern MediterraneanHealth Journal, 18(1), pp.43-48, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.26719/2012.18.1.43
[25] M. Moosazadeh, M. Afshari, H. Keianian, A. Nezammahalleh, A.A. Enayati. "Prevalence of head lice infestation and its associated factors among primary school students in Iran a systematic review and meta-analysis, " Osong public health and research perspectives, 2015; 6(6), pp.346-56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.011
[26] M. Nazari, M. Saidijam, "Pediculus capitis infestation according to sex and social factors in Hamedan-Iran," Pakistan journal of biological science, 10(19), pp.3473-5, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.3473.3475
[27] A. Saghafipour, J. Nejati, A. Zahraei Ramazani, H. Vatandoost, E. Mozaffari, F. Rezaei, "Prevalence and risk factors associated with head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) in Central Iran," International Journal of Pediatrics, 5(7), pp.5245-54, 2017.
[28] A. Doroodgar et al., "The prevalence of pediculosis capitis and relevant factors in primary school students of Kashan, Central Iran," Asian Pacific J. Trop. Dis., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 500-504, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60616-2
[29] S.Ghobakhloo, "Survey the Prevalence of Pediculosis Capitis and its Associated Risk Factors among Girls' Schools Students in Garmsar City, Semnan Province (Iran) ," Lett Health Biol Sci 3(1): 20- 26, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.15436/2475-6245.18.1833
[30] H. Dagne, A.A. Biya, A. Tirfie, W.W. Yallew, B. Dagnew, "Prevalence of pediculosis capitis and associated factors among schoolchildren in Woreta town, northwest Ethiopia," BMC research notes, 12(1), pp.465, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4521-8
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[1]
A. A. Haama, “Epidemiology and Molecular Aspect of pediculosis among Primary School Children in Sulaimani Province Kurdistan-Iraq”, KJAR, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–9, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.24017/science.2020.ICHMS2020.1.
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01-07-2020
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