Is It Scaly Anteater or Bat A Real Origin of The 2019-Novel CoV: A Probable Hypothesis?
https://doi.org/10.24017/covid.1
Abstract views: 2255 / PDF downloads: 972Abstract
Today, the emerging of the new coronavirus 2019nCoV possesses a global health problem and little is known about its origin. In the current investigation, an evolutionary and molecular epidemiological analysis have provided of this new emerged virus. The phylogenetic trees for animal coronaviruses with the novel coronavirus-2019 have been created using a number of available complete protein sequences of envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins. The phylogenetic trees analysis illustrated that 2019nCoV in all four proteins are very closely related with coronaviruses isolated from Pangolin (scaly anteater) and Bat-SARS-like-coronavirses because all of them are clustered in the same clade. Whereas, the 2019nCoV is less closely related to coronavirses isolated from Rousettus bat (fruit bat) and MERS coronaviruses isolated from camel because they are gathered in the same clade only in two of the four studied proteins, nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S). In the conclusion, the new 2019nCoV is more likely to be originated from Bat-SARS-like-coronaviruses or/and coronavirus isolated from Pangolin after adaptation and evolution in the human hosts. Because of the number of infected cases to date indicates a very quick human-to-human transmission. Thus, necessitates a very rapid active surveillance using accurate method to find the original host where the 2019nCoV emerged. This will help in further understanding and creating a better approach to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.
Keywords:
Sulaimani city, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Bat-like- coronavirus, Pangolin
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[2] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol., 2020. https://doi.org/10. 1002/jmv.25681
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26234
[3] JF. Chan, S. Yuan, KH. Kok, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person?to? person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet., 2020. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140?6736(20)30154?9
[4] C. Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet., 2020. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140?6736(20)30183?5
[5] N. Zhu, D. Zhang, W. Wang, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med., 2020. https://doi.org/ 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017?
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
[6] Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report - 74, World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200403-sitrep-74-covid-19-mp.pdf?sfvrsn=4e043d03_12
[7] H. Lu, CW. Stratton, YW. Tang. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol., 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678?
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678
[8] W. Ji, W. Wang, X. Zhao, J. Zai, X. Li. Homologous recombination within the spike glycoprotein of the newly identified coronavirus may boost cross?species transmission from snake to human. J Med Virol., 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25682?
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25682
[9] DC. Scales, K. Green, AK. Chan, SM. Poutanen, D. Foster, K. Nowak, et al. Illness in intensive-care staff after brief exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Emerging Infect Dis.; 9:1205-1210, 2003. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0910.030525
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0910.030525
[10] K. Mizumoto, G. Chowell, Estimating Risk for Death from 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease, China, January-February 2020. Retrieved from Volume 26, Number 6-June 2020. Center for Disease Control and Prevention -CDC. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200233
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200233
[11] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol., 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681
[12] J. Cai, W. Sun, J. Huang, M. Gamber, J. Wu, G. He, Early Release - Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID-19 Cases, Wenzhou, China. Emerging Infect. Dis. 26(6), 2020. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200412
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200412
[13] K. Marie, B. Holly, M. Claire, G. Susan, W. John. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission. Emerging Infect. Dis. www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 26, No. 2, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2602.190697
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2602.190697
[14] P. Forster, L. Forster, C. Renfrew, M. Forster. Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. PNAS, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2004999117, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004999117
[15] TA. Hall. BioEditA user?friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser.; 41:95?98, 1999. https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-14998u1.29
[16] S. Kumar, G. Stecher, M. Li, C. Knyaz, K. Tamura. MEGA X: Molecular?Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol.?Evol. 2018;35(6):1547?1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
[17] A. Dereeper, et al., Phylogeny.fr: robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jul 1; 36 (Web Server issue): W465-9.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn180
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
[19] D. Hu, C. Zhu, L. Ai L, et al. Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7: 154.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41426-018-0155-5
[20] S. Lau, K. Woo, Y. Li, H. Huang, B. Tosi, S. Wong, S. Wong, K. Leung, H. Chan, K. Yuen. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:14040-14045, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506735102
[21] B. Hu, L. Zeng, X. Yang, et al. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLoS Pathog, 13, Article e1006698, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698
[22] T. Zhang, Q. Wu, Z. Zhang. Pangolin homology associated with2019-nCoV. BioRxiv, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.19.950253.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.19.950253
[23] C. Huang, W. Liu W. Xu, T. Jin, Y. Zhao, J. Song, Y. Shi, W. Ji, H. Jia, Y. Zhou, et al. A bat-derived putative cross-family recombinant coronavirus with a Reovirus gene. PLoS Pathog, 12, p. e1005883, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005883.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005883
[24] K. Andersen, A. Rambaut, W. Lipkin, E. Holmes, R. Garry, The Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2. ARTIC Network, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
[25] P. Woo, S. Lau, C. Lam, A. Tsang, S. Hui, R. Fan, P. Martelli, K. Yuen. Discovery of a novel bottlenose dolphin coronavirus reveals a distinct species of marine mammal coronavirus in Gammacoro- navirus. J Virol 88:1318 -1331, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02351-13.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02351-13
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How to Cite
[1]
S. Ali, T. Hama-Soor, M. Babakir-Mina, S. Dimonte, and F. Greco, “Is It Scaly Anteater or Bat A Real Origin of The 2019-Novel CoV: A Probable Hypothesis?”, KJAR, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–12, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.24017/covid.1.
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20-04-2020
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