Distribution of Gypsiferous Soil Using Geoinformatics Techniques for Some Aridisols in Garmian, Kurdistan Region-Iraq
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.1.9
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The paper deals with techniques of image classification developed to distinguish gypsiferous soils, using the integration of field observation and remote sensing and more specific Landsat/ETM imagery. A Landsat image was assembled and used in this study. The image was acquired by the ETM/Landsat 7 sensor, which was acquired on August, 2012.Two main data have been used in this research, I) Field and II) Satellite data. The amount of gypsum is different from location to other, may be due to the parent material of some locations of the study area which is rich with gypsum minerals, and there is evidence of Gypsic indopedon horizon. The results indicated that the amount of organic matter decreases with increasing the amount of gypsum. In general, the study area is rich with total lime. These results reflect the effect of decalcification and calcification processes caused the formation of illuvial subsurface (calcic) horizon in some location of the study area.The pH values were around neutral to slightly alkaline due to the effect of calcareous parent material and type of climatic conditions. The low ECe values indicate that the soil was non-saline reflected by low values of ECe. The soil classes of the study area are belonging to Haplogypsids, Haplocalcids, Haplocambids, Calciargids and Haplargids. Two maps were prepared to show the distribution of gypsiferous in the study area, the first one is map which shows the output of supervised classification and maximum- like hood for specific, and the second is the thermal-based classification. Thermal-based map could predict the gypsiferous area in a better way, than the classification based only on spectral properties of non-thermal bands.
Keywords:
Gypsiferous, Aridisols, Remote Sensing, Landsat/ETM imagery, indopedon horizon, Thermal-based map.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02132796
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(95)00054-2
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https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168908903860
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https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608949008
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https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02813
[26] S. N. Aeez, "Identification of Soil Map Units and Vegetation Indices Using Geoinformatics Techniques for Garmyan, Kurdistan Region, Iraq," Ph. D. Dissertation, College of Agriculture. Sulaimani University, Iraq, 2013.
[27] P. Buringh, "Soil and soil condition in Iraq,'" Ministry of Agriculture. Baghdad, Iraq, 1960.
[28] H. V. Dunnington, "Generation, migration, accumulation and dissipation of oil in northern of Iraq," In. L.G. Weeks (ed), Habitat of Oil, Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologist. PP. 1194-1251, 1958.
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[31] J. K. Kassim, K. Z. Al-Janabi, and M. I. Karim, "Soil temperature regimes in Iraq. II-Relationships between soil temperature and latitude, longitude and Elevation-J," Agri. Water reso. Res. No. 1. Vol. 8. PP. 111-121, 1989.
[32] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) of U.N. "Agricultural pest and their control principles," Offset press, Erbil-Iraq, 2000.
[33] F. H. Al-Taie, "The soils of Iraq", Ph.D. thesis, State Univ. of Ghant, Belgium, 1968.
[34] S. M. Ahmad, "Natural map of Iraqi Kurdistan region," 2005.
[36] C.A. Bower, and R. B. Huss, "Rapid conductimetric method for estimating gypsum in soils," Soil Sci. No. 66. PP. 199-204, 1948.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194809000-00006
[35] S. N. Goward, J. G. Masek, D. L. Williams, J. R. Irons, and R. J. Thompson, "The Landsat 7 mission," Terrestrial research and applications for the 21st century .Vol. 78. Issues 1-2. PP. 3-12, 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00262-0
[37] P. R. Hesse, "Particle size distribution in gypsic soils," Plant and Soil. Vol. 44. PP. 241-247, 1976.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00016973
[38] Procedures for soils, analysis ISRIC (International Soil Reference and Information Centre). International Soil Reference and Information Centre. Wageningen, 1987.
[39] J. S. Deng, K. Wang, Y. H. Deng and G. J. Qi., "PCA based land use change detection and analysis using multitemporal and multisensor satellite data," International Journal of Remote Sensing. Vol. 29. Issue. 16. PP. 4823-4838, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160801950162
[40] R. Goossens, and E. V. Ranst, "The use of remote sensing to map gypsiferous soils in the Ismailia Province," Egypt. Vol. 78. Issue 1-2. PP. 47-56, 1998.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(98)00069-X
[41] M. S. Jamalabad, and A. A. Abkar, "Forest canopy density monitoring using satellite images," In XXth ISPRS Congress. Istanbul. Turkey. International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. PP. 244-249, 2004.
[42] G. D. Smith, F. Newhall, L. H. Robinson, and D. Swanson, "Soil temperature regimes. their characteristics and predictability. US Soil Conservation," Serv. Rept. SCS-TP-144. P: 13, Washington. DC, 1964.
[43] A. H. F. Amry, "The impact of gypsiferous and calcareous soils on decomposition of different organic materials," Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, No. 5. Vol. 2. PP. 133-143, 2013.
[44] A. H. F. Amry, "Effect of gypsum soil content on the decomposition of different organic matter and formation of humic acid and its effect on the state and behavior of potassium," M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture. University of Tikrit, 2011.
[45] B. Sh. Al-Obeidi, "Different sources of membership and relationship with the faculty," M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture. University of Baghdad, 2001.
[46] K. H. Tan, "Principle of soil chemistry," Department of crop and soil science, University of Georgia. MARCEL DEKKER. INC, 2005.
[2] A. A. Jafarzadeh, and J. A Zinck, "Worldwide distribution and sustainable management of soil with gypsum," ISD Ana sayfasi, 2000.
[3] M. A. Al-Dabbas, T. Schanz, and M. J. Yassen, "Comparasion of gypsiferous soils in Samarra ang Karbala areas, Iraq," Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining. No. 2. Vol. 6. PP. 115-126, 2010.
[4] A. F. Barazanji, "Gypsiferous Soils of Iraq," D.Sc. Thesis, State University of Ghent, Belgium. PP. 1 - 2, 1973.
[5] British Standards Institution (B.S.I.), Methods of Testing Soils for Civ. Eng. Purposes. B.S. 1377, 1975.
[6] FAO - UNESCO., "Soil Map of the World," Vol.1. Legend - UNESCO, Paris, 1975.
[7] V. P. Petrukhin, and G. B. Boldyrev, "Investigation of the deformability of gypsified soil by a static load, translated from Osnovaniya," MSFE (English). No.3. Vol. 15. PP. 178 - 182, 1978.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02132796
[8] Soil and Rock Building Stones, American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), Sec. Vol. 4, PP.4-8, 1986.
[9] M. J. Yassin, "Some geotechnical properties of soils in the Anah area, Western Desert, Iraq," GEOSURV, int. Rep. No. 1556, 1988.
[10] M. J. Yassin, "Study of geotechnical, mineralogical, and geochemical properties of gypsiferous soils for selected samples from Samarra, Falluja, Najaf and Karbala areas, Central Iraq," Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Baghdad, 2006.
[11] S. N. Seleam, "Geotechnical Characteristics of Gypseous Sandy Soil Including the Effect of Contamination with Some Oil Products," Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology. Baghdad, 1988.
[12] R. Maharaj, "Engineering geological mapping of tropical soils for Land use planning and geotechnical purpose," Jour. Eng. Geo., Vol.40, No.314, 243pp, 1995.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(95)00054-2
[13] I. H. Nashat, "Engineering Characteristics of some Gypseous Soil in Iraq," Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Baghdad, 1990.
[14] H. M. A. Al-Khuzaie, "The Effect of Leaching on the Engineering Properties of Al-Jazirah Soil," Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, Mosul University, 1985.
[15] N. M. Al-Mohammadi, and I. H, Nasha'at. "Compressibility and collapse of gypseous soils," Proc. of 8th Asian Reg. Conf., Tokyo, Japan. PP On SMFE, Vol. l, PP. 20 - 24, 1987.
[16] F. Al-Qaissy, "Effect of Gypsum Content and its Migration on Compressibility and Shear Strength of the Soil," Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Technology. Baghdad, 1987.
[17] A. H. Al-Aithawi, "Time Dependent Deformation of a Gypseous Silty Soil," Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad, 1990.
[18] W. A. Zakaria, "Permeability of Gypseous soil," Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology, Baghdad, 1995.
[19] B. S. Al-Busoda, "Studies on the Behavior of Gypseous Soil and its Treatment During Loading," Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad, 1999.
[20] M. Al-Beiruty, "Collapse Potential Determination of Gypseous Soils," Unpub. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology, Baghdad, 2003.
[21] M. A. Mulders, and G. F Epema, "The Thematic Mapper. A new tool for soil mapping in arid areas," ITC Journal. No. 1. PP. 24-29, 1998.
[22] J. E. Chapman, D. A Rothery, P. W. Francis and A. Pontual, "Remote sensing of evaporite mineral zonation in salt ?ats (salars)," Internal Journal of Remote Sensing. Vol. 10. Issue. 1. PP. 245-255, 1989.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168908903860
[23] R. G. Bryant, "Validated linear mixture modeling of Landsat TM data for mapping evaporate minerals on a playa surface. methods and application," J. Remote Sensing No. 17. Vol. 2. PP. 315-330, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608949008
[24] P. Giriprakash, S. Natarajan, S. Ramu and V.E. Nethaji Mariapen, "Evaluation of suitability of forage crops and amendments for the rehabilitation of Gypsum mined soils," Tropical Agriculture Research .Vol. 8. P. 114-123, 1996.
[25] J. K. Crowley, and S. J. Hook,"Mapping playa evaporate minerals and associated sediments in Death Valley, California, with multispectral thermal infrared images. Journal of Geophysics research," Volume 101. Issue B1. PP. 643-660, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02813
[26] S. N. Aeez, "Identification of Soil Map Units and Vegetation Indices Using Geoinformatics Techniques for Garmyan, Kurdistan Region, Iraq," Ph. D. Dissertation, College of Agriculture. Sulaimani University, Iraq, 2013.
[27] P. Buringh, "Soil and soil condition in Iraq,'" Ministry of Agriculture. Baghdad, Iraq, 1960.
[28] H. V. Dunnington, "Generation, migration, accumulation and dissipation of oil in northern of Iraq," In. L.G. Weeks (ed), Habitat of Oil, Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologist. PP. 1194-1251, 1958.
[29] N. S. Kharrufa, "Simplified equation for evaportranspiration in arid regions," Beitrage Zure Hydrology. No. 5. PP. 39-47, 1985.
[30] F. H. Al-Taie, C. Sycand, and G. Stoops, "Soil groups of Iraq, their classification and characteristics-pedologie", No. 19. PP.65-148, 1969.
[31] J. K. Kassim, K. Z. Al-Janabi, and M. I. Karim, "Soil temperature regimes in Iraq. II-Relationships between soil temperature and latitude, longitude and Elevation-J," Agri. Water reso. Res. No. 1. Vol. 8. PP. 111-121, 1989.
[32] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) of U.N. "Agricultural pest and their control principles," Offset press, Erbil-Iraq, 2000.
[33] F. H. Al-Taie, "The soils of Iraq", Ph.D. thesis, State Univ. of Ghant, Belgium, 1968.
[34] S. M. Ahmad, "Natural map of Iraqi Kurdistan region," 2005.
[36] C.A. Bower, and R. B. Huss, "Rapid conductimetric method for estimating gypsum in soils," Soil Sci. No. 66. PP. 199-204, 1948.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194809000-00006
[35] S. N. Goward, J. G. Masek, D. L. Williams, J. R. Irons, and R. J. Thompson, "The Landsat 7 mission," Terrestrial research and applications for the 21st century .Vol. 78. Issues 1-2. PP. 3-12, 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00262-0
[37] P. R. Hesse, "Particle size distribution in gypsic soils," Plant and Soil. Vol. 44. PP. 241-247, 1976.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00016973
[38] Procedures for soils, analysis ISRIC (International Soil Reference and Information Centre). International Soil Reference and Information Centre. Wageningen, 1987.
[39] J. S. Deng, K. Wang, Y. H. Deng and G. J. Qi., "PCA based land use change detection and analysis using multitemporal and multisensor satellite data," International Journal of Remote Sensing. Vol. 29. Issue. 16. PP. 4823-4838, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160801950162
[40] R. Goossens, and E. V. Ranst, "The use of remote sensing to map gypsiferous soils in the Ismailia Province," Egypt. Vol. 78. Issue 1-2. PP. 47-56, 1998.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(98)00069-X
[41] M. S. Jamalabad, and A. A. Abkar, "Forest canopy density monitoring using satellite images," In XXth ISPRS Congress. Istanbul. Turkey. International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. PP. 244-249, 2004.
[42] G. D. Smith, F. Newhall, L. H. Robinson, and D. Swanson, "Soil temperature regimes. their characteristics and predictability. US Soil Conservation," Serv. Rept. SCS-TP-144. P: 13, Washington. DC, 1964.
[43] A. H. F. Amry, "The impact of gypsiferous and calcareous soils on decomposition of different organic materials," Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, No. 5. Vol. 2. PP. 133-143, 2013.
[44] A. H. F. Amry, "Effect of gypsum soil content on the decomposition of different organic matter and formation of humic acid and its effect on the state and behavior of potassium," M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture. University of Tikrit, 2011.
[45] B. Sh. Al-Obeidi, "Different sources of membership and relationship with the faculty," M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture. University of Baghdad, 2001.
[46] K. H. Tan, "Principle of soil chemistry," Department of crop and soil science, University of Georgia. MARCEL DEKKER. INC, 2005.
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S. N. Azeez and I. Rahimi, “Distribution of Gypsiferous Soil Using Geoinformatics Techniques for Some Aridisols in Garmian, Kurdistan Region-Iraq”, KJAR, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 57–64, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.24017/science.2017.1.9.
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30-06-2017
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