Factors Associated with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2019.ICHMS.9
Abstract views: 1153 / PDF downloads: 781Abstract
S. aureus is a common commensal of the skin and mucosal membranes of humans, with estimates of 20% (range from 12% to 30%) of healthy people are persistent S. aureus nasal carriers, 30% (range from 16% to 70%) are intermittent carriers, and 50% (range from 16% to 69%) are non-carriers. The aim of this article is to explore the factors associated with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus carriage among food handlers. Across sectional study was done to involve 200 persons who are handling foods in 40 restaurants in Duhok city in the study. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus was detect among 27% of studied population. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus carrier rate showed a significant association with skin and soft tissue infections, health facilities visits and certain jobs of food handlers. Age, duration of work in the restaurants, personal protective measures and antibiotic use showed no significant association with the prevalence of MRSA. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus carrier rate was higher among food handlers working in popular restaurants when compared to other restaurants. Ongoing screening of all persons who handled foods is crucial to detect and treat those are MRSA carrier as one of major public health issues
Keywords:
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Factors, carrier state , Duhok
References
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https://doi.org/10.1086/502360
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https://doi.org/10.1086/430910
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https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.9.4050-4053.2004
[25] J Ho, M O'Donoghue , M Boost . Occupational exposure to raw meat: a newly-recognized risk factor for Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization amongst food handlers. Int J Hyg Environ Health; 217: 247-53,2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.009
[26] N B Kasturwar and M Shafee. Knowledge, Practices and Prevalence of MRSA among Food Handlers. IJBMR; 2(4): 889 -94,2011.
[27] J S Ferreira ,W L Costa , E S Cerqueira , J S Carvalho , L C Oliveira , R C Almeida et al. Food handler-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococc aureus in public hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. Food Control; 37: 395-400, 2014. doi.org/10.1016 /j. foodcont.2013.09.062.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.062
[28] J F R Lues and I Van Tonder. The occurrence of indicator bacteria on hands and aprons of food handlers in the delicatessen sections of a retail group. Food control; 18(4): 326-32, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.10.010
[29] H Shojaei , J Shooshtaripoor, M Amiri . Efficacy of simple hand-washing in reduction of microbial hand contamination of Iranian food handlers. Food Res Int; 39(5): 525-29,2006. doi:10.1016/j. foodres. 2005.10.007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2005.10.007
[30] R Montville , Y Chen , D W Schaffner . Glove barriers to bacterial cross- contamination between hands to food. J Food Prot; 64(6): 845-9, 2001.
https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-64.6.845
[31] A R Isara , E C Isah , P V Lofor , C K Ojide. Food contamination in fast food restaurants in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria: Implications for food hygiene and safety. Public health; 124(8):467-71,2010. doi:10.1 016 /j. puhe. 2010. 03.028.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.03.028
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02055.x
[33] L C Immergluck, S Jain , S M Ray , R Mayberry, S Satola , T C Parker et al. Risk of skin and soft tissue infections among children found to be Staphylococcus aureus MRSA USA300 carriers. West J Emerg Med ;18(2): 2017.
https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2016.10.30483
[34] L Haysom , M Cross ,R Anastasas , E Moore , S Hampton . Prevalence and Risk Factors for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in Custodial Populations: A Systematic Review. J Correct Health Care; 24(2):197-213,2018.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345818765271
[2] N Plipat.. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exposure assessment in hospital environment. University of Michigan, USA.pp.1-26,2012.
[3] DP Kateete , C N Kimani , F A Katabazi , A Okeng ,MS Okee, A Nanteza et al . Identification of Staphylococcus aureus: DNase and Mannitol salt agar improve the efficiency of the tube coagulase test. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob; 9 (23): 1-7,2010. doi:10.1186/1476-0711-9-23.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-9-23
[4] T Kitti , K Boonyonying , S Sitthisak . Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among university students in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health; 42(6): 1498-1504 ,2011.
[5] Q Rao , X Rao , X Hu , W Shang . Staphylococcus aureus ST121: a globally disseminated hypervirulent clone. J Med Microbiol; 64: 1462-73,2015. DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.000185.
https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000185
[6] A Aryee and JD Edgeworth . Carriage, Clinical Microbiology and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus. In: F Bagnoli , R Rappuoli , G Grandi , editors. Staphylococcus aureus: Microbiology, Pathology, Immunology, Therapy and Prophylaxis. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.pp.1-14,2017. DOI 10.1007/ 82_ 2016_5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2016_5
[7] K Becker. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus. In: Fetsch A, editor. Staphy. aureus. UK: Elsevier Inc.pp. 13-16,2018. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016 /B978-0-12-809671-0.00002-4.
[8] YA Que and PH Moreillon . Gram-Positive Cocci: Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome). In: J E Bennett , M J Blaser , R Dolin, R G Douglas , G L Mandell , editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 8th ed. Canada: Elsevier Saunders.pp. 2237-371,2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00196-X
[9] R E Rohde . Prevention, Treatment, and Containment of Staphylococcal Infections in Communities. USA: Texas State University-San Marcos.pp.1-47, 2007.
[10] R P Harvey , P C Champe , B D Fisher . Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology. 2nded. Hagerstown, MD. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp.69-75, 2007.
[11] K C Carroll . The staphylococci In:G F Brooks , E Jawetz, J L Melnick , E A Adelberg , editors. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's medical microbiology. 26 th ed. London: McGraw-Hill. pp.199-205,2013.
[12] L S Monson . Staphylococci. In: C R Mahon, DC Lehman, G Manuselis , editors. Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. 5th ed. China: Elsevier, Inc. pp. 314-25,2015.
[13] L G Baptistão , N C Silva ,E C Bonsaglia , B F Rossi , I G Castilho , A R Fernandes et al. Presence of Immune Evasion Cluster and Molecular Typing of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Food Handlers. J Food Prot; 79(4): 682-86,2016. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-401.
https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-401
[14] English Oxford Living Dictionary. Definition of fast food in English [Cited 2018 October 20] available https:// en. Oxford dictionaries. Com /definition / fast_food.
[15] CD Salgado, B M Farr , D P Calfee . Community-acquired methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis; 36(2): 131-39,2003.
https://doi.org/10.1086/345436
[16] World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance, France: WHO.pp.19,2014.
[17] P H Blomquist. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections of the eye and orbit (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc; 104: 322-45,2006.
[18] A H Mohammed. Community and Healthcare Acquired Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Duhok Governorate /Kurdistan Region. Ph.D. thesis. College of Medicine, Duhok University, Iraq,2013.
[19] M El-Shenawy ,M Tawfeek , L El-Hosseiny , MEl-Shenawy ,A Farag , H Baghdadi et al (2014). Cross Sectional Study of Skin Carriage and Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers . Open J Med Microbiol; 4(1): Article ID: 43014,7 ,2013. DOI:10.4236 /ojmm.2014. 41003.
[20] M Eveillard ,Y Martin ,N Hidri ,Y Boussougant ,M LJoly-Guillou. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among hospital employees: prevalence, duration, and transmission to households. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.; 25(2): 114-20 ,2004.
https://doi.org/10.1086/502360
[21] N A Pathare , S Tejani , H Asogan , G Al Mahruqi S , Al Fakhri ,R Zafarulla eal . Comparison of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy community hospital visitors [CA-MRSA] and hospital staff [HA- MRSA]. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis;7(1):1- 6, 2015. doi.org /10. 4084 / MJHID.2015.053.
https://doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2015.053
[22] J W Beam and B Buckley . Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Prevalence and risk factors. J Athl Train; 41(3):337-40,2006
[23] A I Hidron , E V Kourbatova , J S Halvosa , B J Terrell , L K McDougal , F C Tenover et al. Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to an urban hospital: emergence of community-associated MRSA nasal carriage. Clin Infect Dis; 41(2): 159-66,2005.
https://doi.org/10.1086/430910
[24] K M Campbell ,A F Vaughn , K L Russell, B Smith,D L Jimenez,C P Barrozo et al. Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an outbreak of disease among military trainees in San Diego, California, in 2002. J Clin Microbiol.; 42(9): 4050-3,2004.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.9.4050-4053.2004
[25] J Ho, M O'Donoghue , M Boost . Occupational exposure to raw meat: a newly-recognized risk factor for Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization amongst food handlers. Int J Hyg Environ Health; 217: 247-53,2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.009
[26] N B Kasturwar and M Shafee. Knowledge, Practices and Prevalence of MRSA among Food Handlers. IJBMR; 2(4): 889 -94,2011.
[27] J S Ferreira ,W L Costa , E S Cerqueira , J S Carvalho , L C Oliveira , R C Almeida et al. Food handler-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococc aureus in public hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. Food Control; 37: 395-400, 2014. doi.org/10.1016 /j. foodcont.2013.09.062.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.062
[28] J F R Lues and I Van Tonder. The occurrence of indicator bacteria on hands and aprons of food handlers in the delicatessen sections of a retail group. Food control; 18(4): 326-32, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.10.010
[29] H Shojaei , J Shooshtaripoor, M Amiri . Efficacy of simple hand-washing in reduction of microbial hand contamination of Iranian food handlers. Food Res Int; 39(5): 525-29,2006. doi:10.1016/j. foodres. 2005.10.007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2005.10.007
[30] R Montville , Y Chen , D W Schaffner . Glove barriers to bacterial cross- contamination between hands to food. J Food Prot; 64(6): 845-9, 2001.
https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-64.6.845
[31] A R Isara , E C Isah , P V Lofor , C K Ojide. Food contamination in fast food restaurants in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria: Implications for food hygiene and safety. Public health; 124(8):467-71,2010. doi:10.1 016 /j. puhe. 2010. 03.028.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.03.028
[32] S Böcher , A Gervelmeyer , D L Monnet ,K Mølbak , R L Skov. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus: risk factors associated with community-onset infections in Denmark. J Clin Microbiol Infect; 14(10):942-8, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02055.x
[33] L C Immergluck, S Jain , S M Ray , R Mayberry, S Satola , T C Parker et al. Risk of skin and soft tissue infections among children found to be Staphylococcus aureus MRSA USA300 carriers. West J Emerg Med ;18(2): 2017.
https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2016.10.30483
[34] L Haysom , M Cross ,R Anastasas , E Moore , S Hampton . Prevalence and Risk Factors for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in Custodial Populations: A Systematic Review. J Correct Health Care; 24(2):197-213,2018.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345818765271
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How to Cite
[1]
M. A. Abdulrahman and A. Issa Taher, “Factors Associated with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage”, KJAR, pp. 88–96, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.24017/science.2019.ICHMS.9.
Published
21-08-2019
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Section
Pure and Applied Science
