A study of oropharyngeal parasites infection in doves and domestic pigeons in some villages of Garmian -Iraqi Kurdistan region
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.1.6
Abstract views: 1712 / PDF downloads: 880Abstract
The present study was performed in Garmian area-Iraqi Kurdistan Region on doves and domestic pigeons (Columbids) which were collected during the period from the1st of December 2015 to 30th April 2016 to study the naturally occurring of oropharyngeal parasites and their prevalence rates of infections. The wet samples were swabbed from oral cavity and pharyngeal region of all birds, and then screened by wet mount searching for parasites. The results of the current study revealed that only one species of protozoan parasite was identified which was Trichomonas gallinae. The results also showed that the total prevalence rate of infection from the total number of examined birds (249) was 54 (21.69%). Out of the 142 doves (63 males and 79 females) and 107 domestic pigeons (62 males and 45 females) examined, 29 (20.42%) doves [13 (20.63%) males and 16 (20.25%) females)] and 25 (23.36%) domestic pigeons [15 (24.19%) males and 10 (22.22%) females) were infected with T. gallinae protozoon parasite. In the present study it was found that the two examined bird species were infected with this protozoon and there was a gradual rise in prevalence of infection from beginning to end of the study. Small variations in the prevalence rate of T. gallinae infection between doves (20.42%) and domestic pigeons (23.36%) were observed but this variation not reached to the level of statistical significance (P >0.05). It is worthy to note that in all of the infected birds in the study Trichomoniasis occurred without observation of any apparent secondary diseases or signs. In conclusion Trichomoniasis is less common in urban doves and domestic pigeons in Garmian area, Kurdistan Region- Iraq. Further research is suggested in relation to protozoan parasite in other bird species in a study will be conducted in all months of the year to find the reasons which affect the prevalence rate of infection and to estimate the parasite-host relationship.
Keywords:
Doves, domestic pigeons, oropharyngeal parasites, prevalence, Garmian - Iraq.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459994830
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https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-23.3.492
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https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.16.447
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https://doi.org/10.2307/1591295
[13] D. L. Burton, K. A. Doblar (2004). Morbidity and mortality of urban wildlife in the Midwestern United States. Proc 4th International Urban Wildlife Symposium. 171-181.
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https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344552.ch1
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https://doi.org/10.1556/avet.52.2004.2.10
[18] N. L. Anderson, R. A. Grahn, K. Van-Hoosear and R. H. Bondurant (2009). Studies of Trichomonad protozoa in free ranging songbirds: prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) and corvids and a novel Trichomonad in mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos). Vet. Parasitol., 161: 178-186.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.023
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[21] D. G. Baker (2007). Flynn's parasites of laboratory animals. 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. State Avenue, Ames, Iowa, USA.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344552
[22] M. A. Wahhab (2015). Diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract parasites in feral pigeons (columba livia) and their effects on some serum biochemical parameters in Sulaimani province. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Vet. Med., Sulaimani Univ., Iraq.
[23] H. I. Al-Sadi and A. Z. Hamodi (2011). Prevalence and pathology of Trichomoniasis in free-living urban pigeons in the city of Mosul, Iraq. Vet. World, 4 (1): 12-14.
https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2011.12-14
[24] H. Toro, C. Saucedo, C. Borie, R. E. Gough and H. Alcaino (1999). Health status of free living pigeons in the city of Santiago. Avian Pathology, 28(6): 619-623.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459994416
[25] R. M. Kocan and, J. O. Knisley (1970). Challenge infestation as a means of determining the rate of disease resistant Trichomonas gallinae free birds in a population. J. Wildl. Dis. 6: 13-15.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.1.13
[26] L. R. McDougald (2008). ?Protozoal Infections': Histomoniasis (Blackhead) and Other Protozoan Diseases of the Intestinal Tract, in: Y. M.Saif; A. M. Fadly; J. R. Glisson; L. K. Nolan and D. E. Swayne (eds.) Diseases of Poultry. 12th edition, Blackwell Publishing, State Avenue, Ames, Iowa, USA.
[27] M. Marx, G. Reiner , H Willems , G. Rocha , K. Hillerich , J. F. Masello , S. L. Mayr , S. Moussa , J. C. Dunn , R. C. Thomas , S. J. Goodman , K. C. Hamer , B. Metzger , J. G. Cecere , F. Spina , S. Koschkar , L. Calderón , T.Romeike and P. Quillfeldt (2017). High prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in wild columbids across western and southern Europe. Marx et al. Parasites & Vectors,10:242.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2170-0
[28] H. S. Al-Bakry (2009). Prevalence of avian Trichomoniasis in different species of pigeons in Mosul. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci., 23 (2):105-109.
https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2009.5731
[29] A. M. Bahrami, A. L. Monfared and M. Razmjoo (2012). Pathological study of parasitism in racing pigeons: An indication of its effects on community health. African J. Biotech., 11 (59): 12364-12370.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.3631
[30] J. S. Kaminjolo, E. S. Tikasingh and G. A. A. Ferdinand (1988). Parasites of the common pigeon (Columba livia) from the environs of Port of Spain. Trinidad. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afric., 36:194-195.
[31] S. B. Qiu, C. Yan, D. H. Zhou , J. Hou, Q. Q. Wang, Y. Lin, H. C. Fu, J. Zhang, Y. B. Weng, H. Q. Song and R. Q. Lin (2012). High prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in subtropical southern China. Afric. J. Microbiol. Res., 6 (13): 3261-3264.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.001
[32] N. Sabeeh and A. AbdulAziz (2012). Isolation of birds Trichomoniasis from domesticated and wild pigeon at Al-Diwaniya city. AL-Qadisiya J. Vet. Med. Sci., 11(1): 101-104.
[33] H. M. Al-Rammahi, M. H. AL-Hasnawy and A. K. Abbas (2013). Concurrent Infection of Cestodes with Trichomoniasis in Domestic and Wild Columbides Birds in Babylon Province. The Iraqi J.Vet. Med., 37 (2): 192-198.
https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v37i2.291
[34] A. A. A. Abed, H. A. Naji and A. G. Rhyaf (2014). Investigation study of some parasites infected domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in Al- Diwaniya city. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 9 (4): 13-20.
https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-09441320
[35] Kh. Pirali-Kheirabadi, M. Shakhse-Niaie and N. Hossaini (2008). Epidemiological aspects of pigeon Trichomoniasis in center of Iran. Res. J. Parasitol., 3(1): 20-24.
https://doi.org/10.3923/jp.2008.20.24
[36] H. Borji, G. H. Razmi, A. H. Movassaghi, E. Moghaddas and M. Azad (2011). Prevalence and pathological lesion of Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons of Iran. J. parasitol. Dis., 35 (2): 186 (Abstract).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0047-2
[37] A. Nematollahi, M. Ebrahimi, A. Ahmadi and M. Himan (2012). Prevalence of Haemoproteus columbae and Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons (Columba domestica) in Isfahan, Iran. J. Parasitol. Dis., 36 (1):141-142.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0082-z
[38] J. H. Schulz, A. J. Bermudez and J. J. Millspaugh (2 0 0 5). Monitoring presence and annual variation of Trichomoniasis in mourning doves. Avian Dis. 49: 387-389.
https://doi.org/10.1637/7333-012505R.1
[39] T. McKeon, J. Dunsmore and S. R. Raidal (1997). Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars and columbid birds in Perth, Western Australia. Australian Vet. J.,75 (9): 652-655 (Abstract).
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15363.x
[40] M. H. Saleem, M. S. Khan, A. S. Chaudry and H. A. Samad (2008). Prevalence of Trichomoniasis in domestic and wild pigeon and its effect on hematological parameters. Pakistan Vet. J., 28 (2):89-91.
[41] C. Vogel, H. Gerlach and M. Loffler (1994). "Columbiformes", in:, B. W. Ritchie, G. J. Harrison and L. R. Harrison (eds.), Avian medicine: principles and application, Wingers Publishing Inc., Lake Worth, Florida.
[42] R.W. Gerhold, C.M. Tate, S.E. Gibbs, D. G. Mead, A. B. Allison and J. R. Fischer (2007). Necropsy findings and arbovirus surveillance in mourning doves from southeastern United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43, 129-135.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-43.1.129
[43] J. A. Conti and D. J. Forrester (1981). Interrelationships of parasites of white-winged doves and mourning doves in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 17: 529-536.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-17.4.529
[44] N. Bunburg, C. G. Jones, A. G. Greenwood and D. J. Bell (2007). "Trichomonas gallinae in Mauritian Columbides: implications or an endangered endemic." J. Wildl. Dis., 43 (3): 399-407.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-43.3.399
[45] O. Krone, R. Altenkamp and N. Kenntner (2005). Prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in Northern Goshawk from Berlin Area of Northeastern Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 41, 304-309.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.304
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1984.tb03423.x
[2] R. Kumar (1998). A survey of parasitic fauna of local pigeons and assessment of efficacy of certain drugs in poultry nematodiasis. M.V. Sc. thesis submitted to C.S Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur.
[3] D. J. Rupiper (1998). Diseases that affect race performance of homing pigeons. Part II: Bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases. J. Avian Med. Surg.,12:81-86.
[4] C. Dranzoa, M. Ocardo, P. Katete (1999). The ecto-, gastrointestinal and haemo-parasites of live pigeons (Columba livia) in Kampala, Uganda. Avian Pathol.,28:119-124.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459994830
[5] J. A. Conti (1993). "Diseases, parasites and contaminants." In Ecology and management of the morning dove. T. S. Baskett, M. W. Sayre, R. E. Tomlinson and R. E. Mirachi (eds.). Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.PP: 205- 224.
[6] W. M. Harmon, W. A. Clark, A. C. Hawbecker and M. Stafford (1987). Trichomonas gallinae in Columbiform birds from the Galapagos Islands. J. Wildl. Dis., 23: 492-494.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-23.3.492
[7] E. C. Greiner and B. W. Ritchie (1994). Parasites', in: B. W. Ritchie, G. J. Harrison, and L. R. Harrison (eds.), Avian medicine: principles and application, Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida.
[8] [N. D. Levine (1995). Veterinary Protozoology. Lowa State University Press, Ames. Iowa USA, PP:809-812.
[9] D. J. Forrester and G. W. Foster (2008) Trichomonosis, in Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780813804620.ch6
[10] M. Hess and L. R. McDougald (2013). "Histomoniasis (Blackhead) and Other Protozoan Diseases of the Intestinal Tract". In: D. E. Swayne, J. R. Glisson, L. R. McDougald, L. K. Nolan, D. L. Suarez and V. Nair (eds.) Diseases of Poultry. 13th edition. A John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Publication.
[11] J. R. Baker (1986). Trichomoniasis, a major cause of vomiting in budgerigars. Vet. Record, 118: 447-449.
https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.16.447
[12] E. M. Narcisi, M. Sevoian and B. M. Honigberg (1991). Pathologic changes in pigeons infected with a virulent Trichomonas gallinae strain (Eiberg). Avian D., 35: 55-61.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1591295
[13] D. L. Burton, K. A. Doblar (2004). Morbidity and mortality of urban wildlife in the Midwestern United States. Proc 4th International Urban Wildlife Symposium. 171-181.
[14] E. J. L. Soulsby (1986). Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. 7th edition, Bailliere Tindall, London, UK.
[15] P. H. Smith, S. E. Wiles, J. B. Malone and C. M. Monahan (2007). "Collection, preservation and diagnostic methods", in: D. G. Baker (ed.), Flynn's parasites of laboratory animals. 2nd edition, Blackwell publishing, State Avenue, Ames, Iowa, USA.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344552.ch1
[16] A. M. Zajac and G. A. Conboy (2012). Veterinary clinical parasitology. 8th edition. A John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Publication.
[17] A. Dovc, O. Zorman-Rojs, A. Vergles-Rataj, V. Bole-Hribovsek, U. Krapez and M. Dobeic (2004). Health status of free-living pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in the city of Ljubljana. Acta Vet. Hungarica, 52: 219-226.
https://doi.org/10.1556/avet.52.2004.2.10
[18] N. L. Anderson, R. A. Grahn, K. Van-Hoosear and R. H. Bondurant (2009). Studies of Trichomonad protozoa in free ranging songbirds: prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) and corvids and a novel Trichomonad in mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos). Vet. Parasitol., 161: 178-186.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.023
[19] N. D. Levine (1985). Veterinary Protozoology. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
[20] W. J. Foreyt (2001). Veterinary Parasitology: Reference Manual. 5th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa state University Press, USA.
[21] D. G. Baker (2007). Flynn's parasites of laboratory animals. 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. State Avenue, Ames, Iowa, USA.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470344552
[22] M. A. Wahhab (2015). Diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract parasites in feral pigeons (columba livia) and their effects on some serum biochemical parameters in Sulaimani province. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Vet. Med., Sulaimani Univ., Iraq.
[23] H. I. Al-Sadi and A. Z. Hamodi (2011). Prevalence and pathology of Trichomoniasis in free-living urban pigeons in the city of Mosul, Iraq. Vet. World, 4 (1): 12-14.
https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2011.12-14
[24] H. Toro, C. Saucedo, C. Borie, R. E. Gough and H. Alcaino (1999). Health status of free living pigeons in the city of Santiago. Avian Pathology, 28(6): 619-623.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459994416
[25] R. M. Kocan and, J. O. Knisley (1970). Challenge infestation as a means of determining the rate of disease resistant Trichomonas gallinae free birds in a population. J. Wildl. Dis. 6: 13-15.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.1.13
[26] L. R. McDougald (2008). ?Protozoal Infections': Histomoniasis (Blackhead) and Other Protozoan Diseases of the Intestinal Tract, in: Y. M.Saif; A. M. Fadly; J. R. Glisson; L. K. Nolan and D. E. Swayne (eds.) Diseases of Poultry. 12th edition, Blackwell Publishing, State Avenue, Ames, Iowa, USA.
[27] M. Marx, G. Reiner , H Willems , G. Rocha , K. Hillerich , J. F. Masello , S. L. Mayr , S. Moussa , J. C. Dunn , R. C. Thomas , S. J. Goodman , K. C. Hamer , B. Metzger , J. G. Cecere , F. Spina , S. Koschkar , L. Calderón , T.Romeike and P. Quillfeldt (2017). High prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in wild columbids across western and southern Europe. Marx et al. Parasites & Vectors,10:242.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2170-0
[28] H. S. Al-Bakry (2009). Prevalence of avian Trichomoniasis in different species of pigeons in Mosul. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci., 23 (2):105-109.
https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2009.5731
[29] A. M. Bahrami, A. L. Monfared and M. Razmjoo (2012). Pathological study of parasitism in racing pigeons: An indication of its effects on community health. African J. Biotech., 11 (59): 12364-12370.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.3631
[30] J. S. Kaminjolo, E. S. Tikasingh and G. A. A. Ferdinand (1988). Parasites of the common pigeon (Columba livia) from the environs of Port of Spain. Trinidad. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afric., 36:194-195.
[31] S. B. Qiu, C. Yan, D. H. Zhou , J. Hou, Q. Q. Wang, Y. Lin, H. C. Fu, J. Zhang, Y. B. Weng, H. Q. Song and R. Q. Lin (2012). High prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in subtropical southern China. Afric. J. Microbiol. Res., 6 (13): 3261-3264.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.001
[32] N. Sabeeh and A. AbdulAziz (2012). Isolation of birds Trichomoniasis from domesticated and wild pigeon at Al-Diwaniya city. AL-Qadisiya J. Vet. Med. Sci., 11(1): 101-104.
[33] H. M. Al-Rammahi, M. H. AL-Hasnawy and A. K. Abbas (2013). Concurrent Infection of Cestodes with Trichomoniasis in Domestic and Wild Columbides Birds in Babylon Province. The Iraqi J.Vet. Med., 37 (2): 192-198.
https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v37i2.291
[34] A. A. A. Abed, H. A. Naji and A. G. Rhyaf (2014). Investigation study of some parasites infected domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in Al- Diwaniya city. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 9 (4): 13-20.
https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-09441320
[35] Kh. Pirali-Kheirabadi, M. Shakhse-Niaie and N. Hossaini (2008). Epidemiological aspects of pigeon Trichomoniasis in center of Iran. Res. J. Parasitol., 3(1): 20-24.
https://doi.org/10.3923/jp.2008.20.24
[36] H. Borji, G. H. Razmi, A. H. Movassaghi, E. Moghaddas and M. Azad (2011). Prevalence and pathological lesion of Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons of Iran. J. parasitol. Dis., 35 (2): 186 (Abstract).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0047-2
[37] A. Nematollahi, M. Ebrahimi, A. Ahmadi and M. Himan (2012). Prevalence of Haemoproteus columbae and Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons (Columba domestica) in Isfahan, Iran. J. Parasitol. Dis., 36 (1):141-142.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0082-z
[38] J. H. Schulz, A. J. Bermudez and J. J. Millspaugh (2 0 0 5). Monitoring presence and annual variation of Trichomoniasis in mourning doves. Avian Dis. 49: 387-389.
https://doi.org/10.1637/7333-012505R.1
[39] T. McKeon, J. Dunsmore and S. R. Raidal (1997). Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars and columbid birds in Perth, Western Australia. Australian Vet. J.,75 (9): 652-655 (Abstract).
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15363.x
[40] M. H. Saleem, M. S. Khan, A. S. Chaudry and H. A. Samad (2008). Prevalence of Trichomoniasis in domestic and wild pigeon and its effect on hematological parameters. Pakistan Vet. J., 28 (2):89-91.
[41] C. Vogel, H. Gerlach and M. Loffler (1994). "Columbiformes", in:, B. W. Ritchie, G. J. Harrison and L. R. Harrison (eds.), Avian medicine: principles and application, Wingers Publishing Inc., Lake Worth, Florida.
[42] R.W. Gerhold, C.M. Tate, S.E. Gibbs, D. G. Mead, A. B. Allison and J. R. Fischer (2007). Necropsy findings and arbovirus surveillance in mourning doves from southeastern United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43, 129-135.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-43.1.129
[43] J. A. Conti and D. J. Forrester (1981). Interrelationships of parasites of white-winged doves and mourning doves in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 17: 529-536.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-17.4.529
[44] N. Bunburg, C. G. Jones, A. G. Greenwood and D. J. Bell (2007). "Trichomonas gallinae in Mauritian Columbides: implications or an endangered endemic." J. Wildl. Dis., 43 (3): 399-407.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-43.3.399
[45] O. Krone, R. Altenkamp and N. Kenntner (2005). Prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in Northern Goshawk from Berlin Area of Northeastern Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 41, 304-309.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.304
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[1]
M. A. Wahhab, N. R. Abdulrahman, and S. A.-K. Ali, “A study of oropharyngeal parasites infection in doves and domestic pigeons in some villages of Garmian -Iraqi Kurdistan region”, KJAR, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 15–20, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.24017/science.2017.1.6.
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30-06-2017
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