Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizers Effects on Growth and Flowering of Garland Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum Coronarium L.) Plant
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.1.2
Abstract views: 1697 / PDF downloads: 950Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the effect two types of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers amendment, with different rates on morphological attributed of garland chrysanthemum plant. Two different types of biochar (BT) Eucalyptus biochar (EB), and Salix biochar (SB), four biochar rates- BR (at 0, 1, 2 and 3%), and three rates of nitrogen fertilizer- NR (0, 140 and 280 mg kg-1) with three replications on plant growth were used in this research. The (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) was used as a test plant to study some morphological characters including: Plant Height (PH) cm, Fresh Weight Per Plant (FWP) g, Number of Leaves Per Plant (NLP), Stem Diameter (SD) cm, Flower Diameter (FD), Number of Flower Per Plant (NFP) and Number of Flower Bud Per Plant (NFBP) cm. The Double Barrel Design was used for making biochar by pyrolysis system. The experiment was conducted in the plastic house condition. The results showed that biochar applications at a rate of 3%, significantly increase PH, FWP, NLP, SD, FD, and NFBP, while NFP increased only at 2% biochar application and decrease at the 3% rate. The application of 280 mg kg-1 of nitrogen significantly increased all of the parameters. The plant grown in the soils amended with the EB were higher than grown in the soils of the SB. In addition, the best value in the study was observed were biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizers.
Keywords:
Biochar, Pyrolysis System, Garland Chrysanthemum, Nitrogen Fertilizer, Infertile Soil.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-011-0365-0
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.017
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https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.25409
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[2] H. Cai, T. B. Chen, H. T. Liu, D. Gao, G. D. Zheng, and J. Zhang, "The effect of salinity and porosity of sewage sludge compost on the growth of vegetable seedlings," Sci. Hortic. 124, 381-386, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.01.009
[3] G. Y. Jayasinghe, "Sugarcane bagasses sewage sludge compost as a plant growth substrate and an option for waste management," Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 14, 625-632, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-011-0423-8
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https://doi.org/10.1021/es301029g
[7] J. Lehmann, J. Gaunt, M. Rondon, 2006. "Biochar Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems - A Review," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11: 403- 427, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5
[8] M. W. I. Schmidt, M. S. Torn, S. Abiven, T. Dittmar, G. Guggenberger, I. A. Janssens, M. Kleber, I. Kogel-Knabner, J. Lehmann, D. A. C. Manning, P. Nannipieri, D. P. Rasse, S. Weiner, and S. E. Trumbore, "Persistence of soil organic matteras an ecosystem property," Nature. 478, 49-56, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10386
[9] M. Dall'Ora, P. A. Jensen, and A. D. Jensen, "Suspension Combustion of Wood: Influence of Pyrolysis Conditions on Char Yield, Morphology, and Reactivity," Energy & Fuels, 22, 2955-2962, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800136b
[10] B. T. Nguyen, J. Lehmann, W. C. Hockaday, S. Joseph, and C. A. Masiello, "Temperature sensitivity of black carbon decomposition and oxidation," Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 3324-3331, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es903016y
[11] Y. Kuzyakov, I. Bogomolova, and B. Glaser, "Biochar stability in soil: decomposition during eight years and transformation as assessed by compound-speci?c C analysis," Soil Biol. Biochem. 70, 229-236, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.021
[12] B. Glaser, J. Lehmann, W. Zech, "Ameliorating Physical and Chemical Properties of Highly Weathered Soils in the Tropics with Charcoal," A Review, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35: 219-230, 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4
[13] M. Yamato, Y. Okimori, I. F. Wibowo, S. Anshori, M. Ogawa, "Effect of the application of charred bark of Acacia mangium on the yield of maize, cowpea and peanut, and soil chemical properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia," Soil Sic. Plant Nut. 52, 489-495, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2006.00065.x
[14] L. Van Zwieten, S. Kimber, S. Morris, K. Y. Chan, A. Downie, J. Rust, S. Joseph, and A. Cowie, "Effects of Biochar from Slow Pyrolysis of Paper Mill Waste on Agronomic Performance and Soil Fertility," Plant and Soil, 327, 235-246,2010a.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x
[15] J. Major, M. Rondon, D. Molina, S. J. Riha, and J. Lehmann, "Maize Yield and Nutrition during 4 Years after Biochar Application to a Colombian Savanna Oxisol," Plant and Soil, 333 (1-2), 117-128, 2010b.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0327-0
[16] J. Liu, H. Schulz, S. Brandl, H. Miehtke, B. Huwe, and B. Glaser, "Short-Term Effect of Biochar and Compost on Soil Fertility and Water Status of a Dystric Camisole in NE Germany under Field Conditions," J. Plant Nutration and Soil Sci. 175 (5): 698-707, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201100172
[17] J. L. Deenik, T. M. Clellan, G. Uehara, M. J. Antal, and S. Campbell, "Charcoal volatile matter content influences plant growth and soil nitrogen transformations," SSSA. Journal, 74, 1259-1270, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0115
[18] T. G. Tutin, V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, D.A. Webb, Flora Europaea. Plantaginaceae to Compositae, vol. 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 459, 1976.
[19] B. Sebastián, A. M. Urzúa, and M. Vines, "Analysis of surface and volatile compounds of ?ower heads of introduced plants of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. growing wild in Chile," Flavour Frag. J. 21, 783 -785, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1712
[20] A. Basta, C. M. Pavlovi, M. Couladis, and O. Tzakou, "Essential oil composition of the ?owerheads of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. from Greece," Flavour Frag. J. 22, 197-200, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1781
[21] Sanchez-Monge, E.,"Flora agri'cola. Tomo I. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacio n Secretari'a General Te'cnica," Madrid, p.1294, 1991.
[22] C. H. Zheng, T. H. Kim, K. H. Kim, "Characterization of potent aroma compounds in Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Garland) using aroma extract dilution analysis," Flavour Frag. J. 19(5), 401-405, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1447
[23] Yuan, J., R. Xu, W. Qian and R. Wang, "Comparison of the ameliorating effects on an acidic ultisol between four crop straws and their biochars," J. Soil. Sediment, 11, 741-750, 2011a.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-011-0365-0
[24] G. W. Thomas, "Soil pH and Acidity," In D.L. Sparks (eds.) Method of Soil Analysis: Chemical Methods. Part 3. SSSA. Madison, WI. P, 475-491, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c16
[25] D. W. Nelson, L.E. Sommers, "Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter," In D.L. Sparks (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods, SSSA. Book Series Number 5, SSSA., Madison, WI, P, 961-1011, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c34
[26] S. Kuo, "Phosphorus," In D.L. Sparks (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods, SSSA Book Series Number 5, SSSA. Madison, WI, pp. 869 - 921, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c32
[27] W. L. Lindsay, W. A. Norvell, "Development of a DTPA Micronutrient Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper," SSSA. Journal, 42, 421-428, 1978.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
[28] P. A. Helmke, D. L. Sparks, "Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, and Calcium," In Sparks, D.L., (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods, SSSA. Series Number 5, Madison, WI, P, 551-574, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c19
[29] R.H. Loeppert, D.L. Suarez, "Carbonate and Gypsum," In D.L. Sparks (eds.) Method of Soil Analysis: Chemical Methods. Part 3. SSSA. Madison, WI, p, 437-475, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c15
[30] K. Y. Chan, L. Van Zwieten, I. Meszaros, A. Downie, and S. Joseph, "Agronomic Values of Greenwaste Biochar as a Soil Amendment," Australian Journal of Soil Research, 45 (8), 629-634, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07109
[31] K. Spokas, W. Koskinen, J. Baker, and D. Reicosky, "Impacts of Woodchip Biochar Additions on Greenhouse Gas Production and Sorption/Degradation of Two Herbicides in a Minnesota 25 soil," Chemosphere, 77, 574-581, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.053
[32] Nethra, "Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and post-harvest life of china aster," M. Sc. (Agri), Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad, 1999.
[33] S. Agarwal, N. Agarwal, A. Dixit, and R. N. Yadav, "Effect of N and KO on African marigold in Chattisgarh region," J. Orna. Hort., 5 (1), 86, 2002.
[34] N. Meshram, S. Badge, S. A. Bhongle, and S. D. Khiratkar, "Effect of Bio-Inoculants with Graded doses of NPK on Flowering, yield Attributes and Economics of Annual Chrysanthemum," Journal of Soils Crops, 18 (1), 217-220, 2008.
[35] E. M. Hodgson, D. J. Nowakowski, I. Shield, A. Riche, A. V. Bridgwater, J. C. Clifton- Brown, and I. S. Donnisona, "Variation in Miscanthus Chemical Composition and Implications for Conversion by Pyrolysis and Thermo-Chemical Bio-Refining for Fuels and Chemicals," Bioresource Technology, 102 (3), 3411- 3418, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.017
[36] J. W. Gaskin, C. Steiner, K. Harris, K. C. Das, and B. Bibens, "Effect of Low - Temperature Pyrolysis Conditions on Biochar for Agricultural Use," Transactions of the ASABE, 51(6), 2061-2069, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.25409
[37] J. E. Amonette, S. Joseph, "Characteristics of Biochar: Microchemical Properties," In Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Tech-nology (eds.).Lehmann, J. and S. Joseph. London, Earth scan Publications, pp: 33-52, 2009.
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[1]
M. A. Ali and A. J. Mjeed, “Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizers Effects on Growth and Flowering of Garland Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum Coronarium L.) Plant”, KJAR, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 8–14, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.24017/science.2017.1.2.
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30-06-2017
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