Seroprevalence of HCMV among Pregnant Women and Its relation to CD4 and CRP
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2018.2.28
Abstract views: 1116 / PDF downloads: 770Abstract
The HCMV is a widespread viral pathogen characterized by strict host specificity and is limited to humans. It has been described as an important etiological agent of intrauterine infection in during the pregnancy, which may lead to some serious results such as miscarriage, cerebellar malformation stillbirth, and fetus developmental retardation. The study carried out in Kirkuk governorate from the December 2017 to May 2018 for study the relation of CD4 percentage and CRP with HCMV seropositive pregnant women. The number of pregnant women under study was two hundred women attending to some private medical laboratories in Kirkuk. The pregnant women were examined for the seroprevalence of HCMV IgM and IgG antibodies by using VIDAS technique. The results were (81 %), (9%) and (6%) for HCMV-IgG, HCMV-IgM and for both IgG & IgM at the same time respectively. The highest rates (41.66%) of decreased CD4 percentage were within seropositive pregnant women for both IgG & IgM at same time, while the highest rates (16.66%)of CRP positive were found within HCMV-IgM seropositive group.
Keywords:
HCMV, CRP, CD4, VIDAS Pregnant Women.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74980-3_6
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https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-794
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.07.005
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30189-1
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https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01477-14
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https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.10.5652-5656.2000
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00410-6
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.09.026
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[24] R. D. Ramamoorthy, V. Nallasamy, R. Reddy, N. Esther, Y. Maruthappan, "A review of C-reactive protein: A diagnostic indicator in periodontal medicine," Journal of Pharmatical Bioallied Science, 4, pp.422-426, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.100318
[25] A. Ahmad, I Al-Khafaji, I Kawakib, A. Al-Zubaidi "Seroprevalence of Cytomegolovirus Infection Among Aborted Women in Thi-Qar Governorate," J Thi-QarSci,2 (3), pp.23-25, 2010.
[26] A. Wong, K. H. Tan, C. S. Tee, G. S. Yeo, "Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma, and Parvovirus in pregnancy," Singapore Med J ,41(4), pp151-155, 2000.
[27] A. El-Nawawy, A. T. Soliman, O. Azzouni, "Maternal and neonatal prevalence of toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies and hepatitis-B antigens in an Egyptian rural area," J Trop Pediatr, 42(3), pp.154-157, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/42.3.154
[28] A. Alanen, K. Kahala, T. Vahlberg, P. Koskela, R. Vainionpä, "Seroprevalence, incidence of prenatal infections and reliability of maternal history of varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and parvovirus B19 infection in South- Western Finland," BJOG, 112(1), pp.50-56, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00320.x
[29] T. S. Saraswathy, A. Az-Ulhusna, R. N. Asshikin RN, S. Suriani, S. Zainah,"Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women and associated role in obstetric complications: a preliminary study," The Southeast Asian J Trop Med and Public Health,42 (2), pp.320-323, 2011.
[30] M. Tabatabaee, D. Tayyebi, "Seroepidemiologic study of human cytomegalovirus in pregnant women in Valiasr Hospital of Kazeroon, Fars, Iran," J Maternal-Fetal Neo Med, 22, pp.517-521, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14767050902801678
[31] S. C. Munro, B. Hall, R. Whybin, "Diagnosis of and Screening for Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnant Women," J Clin Microbiol,43(9), pp.4713-4718, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.9.4713-4718.2005
[32] A. Karabulut, Y. Polat, M. Turk, Y. Isikbalcl, "Evaluation of rubella, Toxoplasma gondii, and cytomegalovirus seroprevalences among pregnant women in Denizli province," Turk J Med Sci,41(1), pp.159-164, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1001-568
[33] S. Ocak, S. Zeteroglu, C. Ozer, K. Dolapcioglu, A. Gungoren, "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella and cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in southern Turkey," Scand J Infect Dis,39, pp.231-234, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540600978880
[34] G. S. Tamer, D. Dundar, E.Caliskan, "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella and cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in western region of Turkey," Clin Invest Med ,32(1), 43-47, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v32i1.5086
[35] Chakravarty A, Kashyap B, RathiK, "The seroepidemiological study on cytomegalovirus in women of child-bearing age with special reference to pregnancy and maternal-fetal transmission," Indian J Pathol Microbiol,48(4), pp.518-521,2005.
[36] B. Pourgheysari, F. Rahmani, "CD4 immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in healthy carriers and hematological malignancies," ShahreUni Med Sci J, 13(2), pp.83-94,2011.
[37] C. Solano, "Enumeration of cytomegalovirus-specific interferong CD8 and CD4+ T cells early after allogeneic stem cell transplantation may identify patients at risk of active cytomegalovirus infection", Haematologica, 93(9), pp.1434-1436,2008.
https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.12880
[38] E. A. Ophori, N. C. Isibor, "Lymphocyte subpopulations among pregnant women in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria", Asian Pa J Trop Dis, 8(1), pp.293-296, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60064-4
[39] R. Raghupathy, "Th-1 type immunity is incompatible with successful pregnancy", Immunol Today,10, pp.478-482, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01127-4
[40] K. W. Gagandeep, M. Rupak, K. N. Saraswathy, P. S. Manju,"Immuno-Molecular Etiology of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and the Anthropological Perspective," Int J Hum Genet, 8(1-2), pp. 227-235, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09723757.2008.11886033
[41] B. Lepiller, A. Quentin, "Increased HCMV seroprevalence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma." Virology journal 8, pp. 485-491, 2011. ?
https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-485
[42] J. Hurlimann, G. J. Thorbecke, G. M. Hochwald "The liver as the site of Creactive protein formation," J Exp Med, 123, pp.365-378, 1966.
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.123.2.365
[43] B. Van de, J. Pablo, "Human cytomegalovirus induces systemic immune activation characterized by a type 1 cytokine signature," The Journal of infectious diseases, 202,5, pp. 690-699, 2010.?
https://doi.org/10.1086/655472
[44] G. Savva, M. George, "Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with increased mortality in the older population," Aging cell 12,3, pp. 381-338, 2013.?
https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12059
[45] A. Vishwanath, Q Saif, K. Ruhi, "Role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein measurements in HIV patients," Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases 37, pp.123-128, 2016.?
https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7184.192127
[46] L Zhen, "High anti-human cytomegalovirus antibody levels are associated with the progression of essential hypertension and target organ damage in Han Chinese population," Plops one 12.8, e0181440, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181440
https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000242
[2] M. S. Chee, A. T. Bankier, S. Beck, R. Bohni, C. M. Brown, R. Cerny, T. Horsnell et al." Analysis of the protein-coding content of the sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD 169", Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol 154, 125, 1990.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74980-3_6
[3] J.D. Smith, E.T. de Harven, "Herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in WI-38 cells. I. Sequence of viral replication" J Virol 12: 919, 1978.
https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.12.4.919-930.1973
[4] Z. Maingi, A. K. Nyamache."Seroprevalence of Cytomegalo Virus (CMV) among pregnant women in ?LkD", Kenya. BMC Res Notes 7: 79,2014.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-794
[5] S. Bonalumi, A. Trapanese. L.Santamaria, D'Emidio, L. Mobili, "Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: review of the literature,"Journal of Prenatal Medicine, 5(1), pp. 1-8,2011.
[6] C. T. Nelson, G. J. Demmler, "Cytomegalovirus infection in the pregnant mother, fetus, and newborn infant," Clinics inPerinatology, 24(1), pp. 151-160, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30189-1
[7] G. Enders, A. Daiminger, U. Bader, S. Exler, M. Enders, ¨ "Intrauterine transmission and clinical outcome of 248 pregnancies with primary cytomegalovirus infection in relation to gestational age,"Journal of Clinical Virology, 52(3), pp. 244-246, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.07.005
[8] C. Gardella, Cytomegalovirus in Pregnancy, In The Global Library of Women's Medicine DOI, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.3843/GLOWM.10182
[9] C. T. Nelson, G. D. Demmler, "Cytomegalovirus infection in the pregnant mother, fetus, and newborn infant," ClinPerinatol, 24(1), pp.51-60, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30189-1
[10] S. Jackson, G. Mason, G. Okecha, J. Sissons,M. Wills, "Diverse specificities, phenotypes, and antiviral activities of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T cells", J Virol,88, pp.10894- 10908,2014.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01477-14
[11] S. Jackson, G. Sedikides, G. Mason, G. Okecha, M. Wills, "Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific CD4+ T cells are poly functional and can respond to HCMV-infecteddendritic cells In Vitro," J Viro, 91, pp.161-168,2017.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02128-16
[12] P. Griffiths, "CMV as a cofactor enhancing progression of AIDS," J ClinVirol, 35(4), pp. 489-92,2006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2005.10.016
[13] Y. Thoman, L. Rogozinski, Irogoyen O,"Functional analysis of human T cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies" J Immunol,128, pp. 1386-1390, 1983.
https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.128.3.1386
[14] N. Hayashi, H. Kimura, T. Morishima, N. Tanaka, T. Tsurumi, K. Kuzushima, "Flow cytometric analysis of cytomegalovirus-specific cell mediatedimmunity in the congenital infection," J Med Virol,71, pp,251-258, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10477
[15] N. Khan, "The immunological burden of human cytomegalovirus infection," Arch ImmunolTherExp, 55, pp.299-308,2007.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-007-0037-3
[16] G. Nebbia, F. M. Mattes, C. Smith C, "Polyfunctional cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and pp65 CD8+ T cells protect against high-level replication after liver transplantation," Am. J Trans,8, pp.2590-2599, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02425.x
[17] H. R. Nicolle, W. Elly, G. H. Michiel, "Differential effects of age, cytomegalovirusseropositivity and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on circulating T lymphocyte subsets," Immu& Age J. pp.2-10, 2011.
[18] T. W. Du Clos, C. Mold, "C-reactive protein: an activator of innate immunity and a modulator of adaptive immunity," Immunol Res, 30, pp.261-77, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1385/IR:30:3:261
[19] A. J. Szalai, J. L.VanCott, J. R. McGhee, J. Volanakis,W. H. Benjamin, "Human C-reactive protein is protective against fatal Salmonella entericserovar Typhimurium infection in transgenic mice," Infect Immun, 68, pp.5652- 5656, 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.10.5652-5656.2000
[20[ E. J. Tter Borg, G. Horst, P. C. Limburg, M. H. van Rijswijk, C. G. Kallenberg, "C-reactive protein levels during disease exacerbations and infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective longitudinal study," J Rheumatol,17, pp.1642- 1648,1990.
[21] J. Zhu, A. A. Quyyumi, J. E. Norman, G. Csako, S. E. Epstein. "Cytomegalovirus in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: the role of inflammation as reflected by elevated C-reactive protein levels," J Am CollCardiol, 34, pp.312-319, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00410-6
[22] G E. Miller, K. E. Freedland, S. Duntley, R. M. Carney, "Relation of depressive symptoms to C-reactive protein and pathogen burden (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus) in patients with earlier acute coronary syndromes," Am J Cardiol, 95, pp. 317-21, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.09.026
[23] M. Terik, T. M. Husain, H. David, D. H. Kim, "C-Reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate in Orthopaedics," The University of Pennsylvania Orthopaedic Journal, 15, pp.13-16, 2002.
[24] R. D. Ramamoorthy, V. Nallasamy, R. Reddy, N. Esther, Y. Maruthappan, "A review of C-reactive protein: A diagnostic indicator in periodontal medicine," Journal of Pharmatical Bioallied Science, 4, pp.422-426, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.100318
[25] A. Ahmad, I Al-Khafaji, I Kawakib, A. Al-Zubaidi "Seroprevalence of Cytomegolovirus Infection Among Aborted Women in Thi-Qar Governorate," J Thi-QarSci,2 (3), pp.23-25, 2010.
[26] A. Wong, K. H. Tan, C. S. Tee, G. S. Yeo, "Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma, and Parvovirus in pregnancy," Singapore Med J ,41(4), pp151-155, 2000.
[27] A. El-Nawawy, A. T. Soliman, O. Azzouni, "Maternal and neonatal prevalence of toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies and hepatitis-B antigens in an Egyptian rural area," J Trop Pediatr, 42(3), pp.154-157, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/42.3.154
[28] A. Alanen, K. Kahala, T. Vahlberg, P. Koskela, R. Vainionpä, "Seroprevalence, incidence of prenatal infections and reliability of maternal history of varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and parvovirus B19 infection in South- Western Finland," BJOG, 112(1), pp.50-56, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00320.x
[29] T. S. Saraswathy, A. Az-Ulhusna, R. N. Asshikin RN, S. Suriani, S. Zainah,"Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women and associated role in obstetric complications: a preliminary study," The Southeast Asian J Trop Med and Public Health,42 (2), pp.320-323, 2011.
[30] M. Tabatabaee, D. Tayyebi, "Seroepidemiologic study of human cytomegalovirus in pregnant women in Valiasr Hospital of Kazeroon, Fars, Iran," J Maternal-Fetal Neo Med, 22, pp.517-521, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14767050902801678
[31] S. C. Munro, B. Hall, R. Whybin, "Diagnosis of and Screening for Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnant Women," J Clin Microbiol,43(9), pp.4713-4718, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.9.4713-4718.2005
[32] A. Karabulut, Y. Polat, M. Turk, Y. Isikbalcl, "Evaluation of rubella, Toxoplasma gondii, and cytomegalovirus seroprevalences among pregnant women in Denizli province," Turk J Med Sci,41(1), pp.159-164, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1001-568
[33] S. Ocak, S. Zeteroglu, C. Ozer, K. Dolapcioglu, A. Gungoren, "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella and cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in southern Turkey," Scand J Infect Dis,39, pp.231-234, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540600978880
[34] G. S. Tamer, D. Dundar, E.Caliskan, "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella and cytomegalovirus among pregnant women in western region of Turkey," Clin Invest Med ,32(1), 43-47, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v32i1.5086
[35] Chakravarty A, Kashyap B, RathiK, "The seroepidemiological study on cytomegalovirus in women of child-bearing age with special reference to pregnancy and maternal-fetal transmission," Indian J Pathol Microbiol,48(4), pp.518-521,2005.
[36] B. Pourgheysari, F. Rahmani, "CD4 immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in healthy carriers and hematological malignancies," ShahreUni Med Sci J, 13(2), pp.83-94,2011.
[37] C. Solano, "Enumeration of cytomegalovirus-specific interferong CD8 and CD4+ T cells early after allogeneic stem cell transplantation may identify patients at risk of active cytomegalovirus infection", Haematologica, 93(9), pp.1434-1436,2008.
https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.12880
[38] E. A. Ophori, N. C. Isibor, "Lymphocyte subpopulations among pregnant women in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria", Asian Pa J Trop Dis, 8(1), pp.293-296, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60064-4
[39] R. Raghupathy, "Th-1 type immunity is incompatible with successful pregnancy", Immunol Today,10, pp.478-482, 1997.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01127-4
[40] K. W. Gagandeep, M. Rupak, K. N. Saraswathy, P. S. Manju,"Immuno-Molecular Etiology of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and the Anthropological Perspective," Int J Hum Genet, 8(1-2), pp. 227-235, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09723757.2008.11886033
[41] B. Lepiller, A. Quentin, "Increased HCMV seroprevalence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma." Virology journal 8, pp. 485-491, 2011. ?
https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-485
[42] J. Hurlimann, G. J. Thorbecke, G. M. Hochwald "The liver as the site of Creactive protein formation," J Exp Med, 123, pp.365-378, 1966.
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.123.2.365
[43] B. Van de, J. Pablo, "Human cytomegalovirus induces systemic immune activation characterized by a type 1 cytokine signature," The Journal of infectious diseases, 202,5, pp. 690-699, 2010.?
https://doi.org/10.1086/655472
[44] G. Savva, M. George, "Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with increased mortality in the older population," Aging cell 12,3, pp. 381-338, 2013.?
https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12059
[45] A. Vishwanath, Q Saif, K. Ruhi, "Role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein measurements in HIV patients," Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases 37, pp.123-128, 2016.?
https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7184.192127
[46] L Zhen, "High anti-human cytomegalovirus antibody levels are associated with the progression of essential hypertension and target organ damage in Han Chinese population," Plops one 12.8, e0181440, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181440
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[1]
S. Mohammed Qader, “Seroprevalence of HCMV among Pregnant Women and Its relation to CD4 and CRP”, KJAR, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 166–171, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.24017/science.2018.2.28.
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