Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Waterpipe Smokers in Sulaimani City/ Kurdistan Region of Iraq
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2018.2.12
Abstract views: 1357 / PDF downloads: 812Abstract
Waterpipe smoking is a global phenomenon, particularly among youths and young adults. This practice is rising in the Middle East countries. Waterpipe comprises many chemical toxins as cigarette smoke. Waterpipe smoking can cause several health problems. A descriptive case-series study was performed from 10th of October 2017 to 20th of December 2017 in eight waterpipe cafeterias in Sulaimani city. The current study involved 230 waterpipe smokers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. P-value ?0.05 was used to show a level of significance. The age range of the waterpipe smokers was 16-39 years with the mean age was 24.63 years. The age distribution was a sharp peak in the age group of 21 to 25 years, over two fifths (40.9%) of the study subjects lay in this age group. The waterpipe smoking was higher in the individuals with high education level (52.2%). Regarding the participants’ occupations, the frequency of the waterpipe smoking was higher among self-employment. Over two-thirds of participants (68.7%) were unmarried. The main motives for waterpipe smoking were life pressures, pleasurable experience, and habit (31%, 27%, and 25% respectively). The majority of participants had a good knowledge about the negative health effects of waterpipe smoking. Approximately half of the participants (48.3%) possessed waterpipe at home, over two thirds (68.3%) of subjects preferred smoking waterpipe with their friends, half of the respondents (50.0%) preferred smoking waterpipe at the cafeteria. Likewise, over half of participants (51.3%) smoked waterpipe every day. The main reason for the intention to quit waterpipe was a health concern.
Keywords:
Waterpipe Smokers, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Motives, Sulaimani.
References
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https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.117980
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https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.16.0367
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2012.01.002
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.020
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https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.008169
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https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.818000
[20] K. Aljarrah, Z. Q. Ababneh, and W. K. Al-Delaimy, "Perceptions of hookah smoking harmfulness: predictors and characteristics among current hookah users," Tobacco Induced Diseases, vol. 5, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1617-9625-5-16
[21] S. Pascale, Z. Rony, A. Edwina, S. Joseph, W. Mirna, B. Barbour, et al., "Is Waterpipe Smoking a Gateway to Cigarette Smoking among Youth," Journal of Addictive Behaviors, Therapy & Rehabilitation, vol. 4, 2015.
[22] H. Husain, F. Al-Fadhli, F. Al-Olaimi, A. Al-Duraie, A. Qureshi, W. Al-Kandari, et al., "Is smoking shisha safer than cigarettes: comparison of health effects of shisha and cigarette smoking among young adults in Kuwait," Medical Principles and Practice, vol. 25, pp. 117-122, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000442417
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093097
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.008
[25] P. Pantaewan, M. Kengganpanich, C. Tanasugarn, S. Tansakul, L. Termsirikulchai, and D. Nityasuddhi, "Three intervention levels for improving smoking behavior among Royal Thai Army conscripts," Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 43, pp. 1018-24, 2012.
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https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102
[27] L. Athamneh, S. S. Sansgiry, E. J. Essien, and S. Abughosh, "Predictors of Intention to Quit Waterpipe Smoking: A Survey of Arab Americans in Houston, Texas," Journal of Addiction, vol. 2015, p. 5754-79, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/575479
[28] S. Abughosh, I. H. Wu, S. Rajan, R. J. Peters, and E. J. Essien, "Waterpipe smoking among students in one US university: predictors of an intention to quit," J Am Coll Health, vol. 60, pp. 528-35, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2012.718018
[29] S. M. Borgan, Z. A. Marhoon, and D. L. Whitford, "Beliefs and perceptions toward quitting waterpipe smoking among cafe waterpipe tobacco smokers in Bahrain," Nicotine Tob Res, vol. 15, pp. 1816-21, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt064
[30] K. D. Ward, F. Hammal, M. W. VanderWeg, T. Eissenberg, T. Asfar, S. Rastam, et al., "Are waterpipe users interested in quitting?," Nicotine Tob Res, vol. 7, pp. 149-56, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200412331328402
[31] H. D, F. GT, M. PW, B. KS, and C. R, "Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: evidence from Canadian smokers," Am J Public Health., vol. 94, pp. 1442-1445, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.8.1442
[32] H. A, L. Q, B. JE, G. GA, S. C, and C. KM, "Predictors of cessation in a cohort of current and former smokers followed over 13 years," Nicotine Tob Res, vol. 6(Suppl3), pp. S363-S369, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200412331320761
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.014
[2] R. T. Nakkash, J. Khalil, and R. A. Afifi, "The rise in narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco smoking: A qualitative study of perceptions of smokers and non smokers," BMC Public Health, vol. 11, pp. 315-315, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-315
[3] G. E. G. Adrienne J. Heinz, Natania A. Crane , Jennifer C. Veilleux, Megan Conrad, Ashley R. Braun, Natalia A. Olejarska, Jon D. Kassel, "A comprehensive examination of hookah smoking in college students: Use patterns and contexts, social norms and attitudes, harm perception, psychological correlates and co-occurring substance use," Addictive Behaviors, SciVerse ScienceDirect, vol. 38, pp. 2751-2760, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.009
[4] P. Gupta and A. Jain, "Assessment of Prevalence, Beliefs, and Habits of Hookah Smoking Among People with a Medical Background Compared to People with a Non-medical Background: A Cross-sectional Self-administered Questionnaire-based Study," Cureus, vol. 8, pp. e735, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.735
[5] E. Bali, B. Chinmaya, S. Chand, S. Tandon, S. Prasad, D. Sahu, et al., "An emerging trend: Hookah smoking among youth smokers in Gurgaon, Haryana," Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, vol. 13, pp. 244-249, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2319-5932.165240
[6] N. Anand, K. Vishal, N. Anand, K. Sushma, and N. Nupur, "Hookah use among high school children in an Indian city," Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, vol. 31, pp. 180-183, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.117980
[7] E. Nuzzo, A. Shensa, K. H. Kim, M. J. Fine, T. E. Barnett, R. Cook, et al., "Associations between hookah tobacco smoking knowledge and hookah smoking behavior among US college students," Health Education Research, vol. 28, pp. 92-100, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cys095
[8] S. N. Arief M1, Iizhar A S, Harika B, Kumar D, Junaid F, "Determination of Awareness and Nicotine Dependency Level Among Shisha Smokers in Malaysia," IJPCR, vol. 8, pp. 543-547, 2016.
[9] R. A. Babaei Heydarabadi A, Barekati H, Vejdani M, Shariatinejad K, Panahi R, et al., "Prevalence of substance abuse among dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran," Int J High Risk Behav Addict, vol. 4, pp. e22350, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.22350v2
[10] W. Maziak, K. D. Ward, and T. Eissenberg, "Factors related to frequency of narghile (waterpipe) use: the first insights on tobacco dependence in narghile users," Drug Alcohol Depend, vol. 76, pp. 101-6, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.007
[11] K. K. Giuliani, O. A. Mire, S. Jama, D. K. Dubois, D. Pryce, S. Fahia, et al., "Tobacco use and cessation among Somalis in Minnesota," Am J Prev Med, vol. 35, pp. S457-62, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.006
[12] M. A. Abu-Helalah, H. A. Alshraideh, A.-A. A. Al-Serhan, A. I. Nesheiwat, M. d. Da'na, and A. Al-Nawafleh, "Epidemiology, attitudes and perceptions toward cigarettes and hookah smoking amongst adults in Jordan," Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, vol. 20, pp. 422-433, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-015-0483-1
[13] E. A. Akl, M. Jawad, W. Y. Lam, C. N. Co, R. Obeid, and J. Irani, "Motives, beliefs and attitudes towards waterpipe tobacco smoking: a systematic review," Harm Reduction Journal, vol. 10, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-10-12
[14] P. V. Kakodkar and S. S. Bansal, "Hookah smoking: characteristics, behavior and perceptions of youth smokers in Pune, India," Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 14, pp. 4319-4323, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.7.4319
[15] R. Jaber, Z. B. Taleb, R. Bahelah, P. Madhivanan, and W. Maziak, "Perception, intention and attempts to quit smoking among Jordanian adolescents from the Irbid Longitudinal Study," The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, vol. 20, pp. 1689-1694, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.16.0367
[16] M. S. Al Moamary, M. A. Al Ghobain, S. N. Al Shehri, A. I. Alfayez, A. Y. Gasmelseed, and M. S. Al-Hajjaj, "The prevalence and characteristics of water-pipe smoking among high school students in Saudi Arabia," Journal of Infection and Public Health, vol. 5, pp. 159-168, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2012.01.002
[17] R. M. Wolfram, F. Chehne, A. Oguogho, and H. Sinzinger, "Narghile (water pipe) smoking influences platelet function and (iso)eicosanoids," Life Sci, vol. 74, pp. 47-53, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.020
[18] W. Maziak, K. Ward, R. A. Soweid, and T. Eissenberg, "Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic," Tobacco control, vol. 13, pp. 327-333, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.008169
[19] A. L. Holtzman, D. Babinski, and L. J. Merlo, "Knowledge and attitudes toward hookah usage among university students," Journal of American College Health, vol. 61, pp. 362-370, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.818000
[20] K. Aljarrah, Z. Q. Ababneh, and W. K. Al-Delaimy, "Perceptions of hookah smoking harmfulness: predictors and characteristics among current hookah users," Tobacco Induced Diseases, vol. 5, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1617-9625-5-16
[21] S. Pascale, Z. Rony, A. Edwina, S. Joseph, W. Mirna, B. Barbour, et al., "Is Waterpipe Smoking a Gateway to Cigarette Smoking among Youth," Journal of Addictive Behaviors, Therapy & Rehabilitation, vol. 4, 2015.
[22] H. Husain, F. Al-Fadhli, F. Al-Olaimi, A. Al-Duraie, A. Qureshi, W. Al-Kandari, et al., "Is smoking shisha safer than cigarettes: comparison of health effects of shisha and cigarette smoking among young adults in Kuwait," Medical Principles and Practice, vol. 25, pp. 117-122, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000442417
[23] M. Jawad, J. T. Lee, and C. Millett, "The relationship between waterpipe and cigarette smoking in low and middle income countries: cross-sectional analysis of the global adult tobacco survey," PLoS One, vol. 9, pp. e93097, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093097
[24] K. E. Evers, A. L. Paiva, J. L. Johnson, C. O. Cummins, J. O. Prochaska, J. M. Prochaska, et al., "Results of a transtheoretical model-based alcohol, tobacco and other drug intervention in middle schools," Addict Behav, vol. 37, pp. 1009-1018, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.008
[25] P. Pantaewan, M. Kengganpanich, C. Tanasugarn, S. Tansakul, L. Termsirikulchai, and D. Nityasuddhi, "Three intervention levels for improving smoking behavior among Royal Thai Army conscripts," Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol. 43, pp. 1018-24, 2012.
[26] J. O. Prochaska, C. C. DiClemente, and J. C. Norcross, "In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors," American psychologist, vol. 47 (9), p. 1102-1114, 1992.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102
[27] L. Athamneh, S. S. Sansgiry, E. J. Essien, and S. Abughosh, "Predictors of Intention to Quit Waterpipe Smoking: A Survey of Arab Americans in Houston, Texas," Journal of Addiction, vol. 2015, p. 5754-79, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/575479
[28] S. Abughosh, I. H. Wu, S. Rajan, R. J. Peters, and E. J. Essien, "Waterpipe smoking among students in one US university: predictors of an intention to quit," J Am Coll Health, vol. 60, pp. 528-35, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2012.718018
[29] S. M. Borgan, Z. A. Marhoon, and D. L. Whitford, "Beliefs and perceptions toward quitting waterpipe smoking among cafe waterpipe tobacco smokers in Bahrain," Nicotine Tob Res, vol. 15, pp. 1816-21, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt064
[30] K. D. Ward, F. Hammal, M. W. VanderWeg, T. Eissenberg, T. Asfar, S. Rastam, et al., "Are waterpipe users interested in quitting?," Nicotine Tob Res, vol. 7, pp. 149-56, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200412331328402
[31] H. D, F. GT, M. PW, B. KS, and C. R, "Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: evidence from Canadian smokers," Am J Public Health., vol. 94, pp. 1442-1445, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.8.1442
[32] H. A, L. Q, B. JE, G. GA, S. C, and C. KM, "Predictors of cessation in a cohort of current and former smokers followed over 13 years," Nicotine Tob Res, vol. 6(Suppl3), pp. S363-S369, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200412331320761
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How to Cite
[1]
B. Ibrahim Hama Rahim, A. M. Ibrahem, and N. Mustafa Kamal, “Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Waterpipe Smokers in Sulaimani City/ Kurdistan Region of Iraq”, KJAR, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 72–79, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.24017/science.2018.2.12.
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23-07-2018
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