Impact of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in the Activity of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Human Erythrocyte
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2018.1.12
Abstract views: 3216 / PDF downloads: 838Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic affliction saunter that is characterized by a nobler than normal blood glucose poise. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme code (E.C.1.1.1.49) is an underlying enzyme in the phosphogluconate pathway. In this study, G6PD vitality in the mortal erythrocyte of male and female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was assessed utilizing a spectrophotometer at 340 nm. The activity of the enzyme increased with elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. G6PD activity was found to be significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The association between G6PD and diabetes mellitus was significant (P < 0.001). Moreover, G6PD was positively correlated with HbA1C levels (r = 0.572). The following mean ± standard deviation values were obtained: G6PD activity (IU/g Hb), 3.1103 ± 0.79349; HbA1C (%), 8.6600 ± 1.63120; Hb (g/dL), 13.4933 ± 1.38836; platelet count (103/µl), 283.4667 ± 58.59312; WBC (103/µl), 7.4890 ± 1.49842; HCT (%), 45.0100 ± 2.63430; and BS (mg/dL), 230.2667 ± 75.67760. The results showed that an elevated HbA1C up leads to increased G6PD performance in the human erythrocyte, which is concerning to glucose levels in the special (blood).
Keywords:
G6PD, diabetes mellitus, human erythrocyte
References
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https://doi.org/10.1080/14756360701342581
[11] B. Tekman, H. Ozdemir, M. Senturk, M. Ciftci,"Purification and characterization of glutathione reductase from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver and inhibition effects of metal ions on enzyme activity," Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 117-121, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.04.005
[12] R. N. Martins, G.B. Stokes, C.L. Masters " Regulation of liver and brain hexose monophosphate dehydrogenase by insulin and dietary intake in the female rat," Mol. Cell. Biochem., vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 169-175, 1986.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229431
[13] C. Karasu, "Glycoxidative stress and cardiovascular complications in experimentally induced diabetes: Effects of antioxidant treatment," Open Cardiovasc. Med. J., vol. 4, pp. 240-256, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874192401004010240
[14] M. Stefek and C. Karasu, "Eye lens in aging and diabetes: Effect of quercetin," Rejuvenation Res., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 525-534, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2011.1170
[15] A. Sakul, A. Cumao?lu, E. Aydin, N. Ari, N. Dilsiz, C. Karasu, "Age- and diabetes-induced regulation of oxidative protein modification in rat brain and peripheral tissues: Consequences of treatment with antioxidant pyridoindole," Exp. Gerontol., vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 476-484, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.028
[16] A. L. Lehninger, DL. Nelson, MM. Cox, "Principles of Biochemistry", Second Editions. New York: Worth, pp. 558-560, 2000.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4439(93)90119-L
[20] P. F. Hollenberg, "Mechanisms of cytochrome P-450 and peroxidase catalyzed xenobiothic metabolism," The FASEB Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 686-694, 1992.
https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.6.2.1537457
[21] N. Borregaard, JH. Schwartz, A. Tauber,"Proton secretion by stimulated neutrophils. Significance of hexose monophosphate shunt activity as source of electrons and protons for the respiratory burst," J. Clin. Invest., vol. 74, no. 2, p. 455-459, 1984.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111442
[22] M. I. Kazeem, M.A. Akanji, M. Hafizur Rahman,"Antiglycation, antioxidant and toxicological potential of polyphenol extracts of alligator pepper, ginger and nutmeg from Nigeria," Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 727-732, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60218-4
[23] D. E. Kelly and L. J. Mandarino, "Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance," Diabetes, vol. 40, pp. 677-681, 2004.
[24] I. Ripoll and B. C. Leutholtz, Ignacio. Exercise and Disease Management, Boca, 2nd ed. Raton: CRC Press, 2011 4398-2759, p. 25. ISBN. 978.
[25] M. Dobson, "Nature of the urine in diabetes, Medical Observations and Inquiries,", vol. 5, pp. 298-310, 1776.
[26] M. Patlak, "New weapons to combat an ancient disease, treating diabetes," FASEB J.. December 14, vol. 16, no. 14, 1853, 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0974bkt
[27] P. Leonid, Principles of Diabetes Mellitus, 2nd ed. New York: Springer ISBN 978-0-387-09840-1, 2009, p. 3. (2009).
[28] R. S. Yalow and S. A. Berson, "Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man," J. Clin. Invest., vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 1157-1175, 1960.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI104130
[29] A. Pollack, Lizard-Derived Diabetes Drug Is Approved by the F.D.A, The New York Times, 2005 ISSN 0362-4331.
[30] D. J. Liska, "The detoxification enzyme systems," Altern. Med. Rev., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 187-198, 1998.
[31] B. Koncuk Cebec? et al., "In vitro effects of pesticide exposure on the activity of the Paraoxonase-1 enzyme from sheep liver mic rosomes," Turk. J. Chem., vol. 38, pp. 512-520, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-1308-20
[32] S. Serpillon, B.C. Floyd, R.S. Gupte, S. George, M. Kozicky, V. Neito, F. Recchia, W. Stanley, M.S. Wolin, A.S. Gupte "Superoxideproduction by NAD(P)H oxidase and mitochondria is increased in genetically obese and hyperglycemias rat heart and aorta before the development of cardiac dysfunction. The role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-derived NADPH," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 70, no. 1:169-175, pp. H153-HH162Biochem, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01142.2008
[33] B. Halliwell and J. M. C. Gutteridge, Free Radical in Biology and Medicine, 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007.
[34] R. Matsui, S. Xu, KA. Maitland, A. Hayes, JA. Leopold, DE. Handy, J. Loscalzo, RA. Cohen, R. Matsui "Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency decreases the vascular response to angiotensin II,". Circulation, vol. 112, no. 2:, pp. 257--263, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.499095
[35] E. Beutler, "Red Cell Metabolizm Manual of Biochemical Methods", vol. 12. London: Academic Press, pp. 68-70, 1971.
[36] K. Pagana and T. J. Pagana, Eds., Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 5th ed. St. Louis, Missouri, 2014.
[37] H. Y. Ho et al., "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from oxidative stress to cellular functions and degenerative diseases," Redox Rep., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 109-118, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1179/135100007X200209
[38] M. D. Scott et al., "NADPH, not glutathione, status modulates oxidant sensitivity in normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes," Blood, vol. 77, no. 9, pp. 2059-2064, 1991.
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V77.9.2059.bloodjournal7792059.
[39] E. Wright Jr, J. L. Scism-Bacon, and L. C. Glass, "Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: The role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia," Int. J. Clin. Pract., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 308-314, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00825.x
[40] Jung Hee Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Hak Chul Jang, and Sung Hee Choicorresponding author "Epidemiology of Micro- and Macrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes in Korea" Diabetes Metab J. 2011 Dec; 35(6): 571-577.
https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.6.571
[41] B. Halliwell, "Role of free radicals in the neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutiimplications for antioxidant treatment," Drugs Aging, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 685-716, 2001.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200118090-0000.
[42] F. Giacco, M. Brownlee, and A. M. Schmidt, "Oxidative stress and diabetic complications," Circulation Research, vol. 107, no. 9, pp. 1058-1070, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545
[43] M. Gök et al., "Flaxseed protects against diabetes-induced Glucotoxicity by modulating pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in rats," J. Diet Suppl., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 339-351, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2015.1036188
[44] C. Peiró, T. Romacho, V. Azcutia, L. Villalobos, E. Fernández, JP. Bolaños, S. Moncada, CF. Sánchez-Ferrer, "Inflammation, glucose, and vascular cell damage: The role of the pentose phosphate pathway. Cardiovasc Diabetol,", vol. 82, p. 15, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-016-0397-2
[45] A. Khanam, Q.S. Akter, F. Karim, M.R. Zannat, "Karim F, Zannat MR 'Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Level in Type 2 Diabetes Male.'," Mymensingh Med. J. MMJ, Akter QS, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 103-107, Jan. 01 2018.
[46] H. C. Yang et al., "What has passed is prolog: new cellular and physiological roles of G6PD," Free Radic. Res., vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 1047-1064, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2016.1223296
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S. A. Hamzah, L. Awla Hamza, and H. Sulaman Rahman, “Impact of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in the Activity of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Human Erythrocyte”, KJAR, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 58–62, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.24017/science.2018.1.12.
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