Microalbuminuria in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Associated Risk factors Title of your
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.2.23
Abstract views: 1049 / PDF downloads: 780Abstract
Microalbuminuria is the most leading cause for cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, end stage renal diseases, and death among diabetic patients. The study carried out to find out the prevalence of microalbuminuria in a sample of Sulaimani diabetics and to determine its relation to different associated risk factors. The first part of study was a cross-sectional study conducted through examination of records of diabetic patients registered in Sulaimani Diabetic Center from June 2010 to May 2012. The second part was a case- control study that conducted in the same center, including 50 cases of diabetics with positive microalbuminuria, and 50 controls with negative one, that were registered in the same center and matched by age and gender. A specially designed questionnaire was used by researcher to collect information from the records. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis. Males accounts for half of cases and controls, highest proportion of sample was found among age group (60-69) years about 34%. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 29%. The study showed a statistical significant association of microalbuminuria with obesity, smoking, hypertension, retinopathy, ischemic heart disease, poor glycemic control, and dyslipidemia. In conclusion moderate prevalence of microalbuminuria was found among diabetic patients, the prevalence was more common in poor glycemic control, and hypertensive diabetics. There was significant relation between microalbuminuria and diabetic nephropathy.
Keywords:
Microalbuminuria, diabetes mellitus, Sulaimani, prevalence.
References
[1] A. Kassab, T. Ajmi, M. Issaoui, L. Chaeib, A. Miled, M. Hammami, "Homocysteine enhances LDL fatty acid peroxidation, promoting microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes," Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 45, pp. 476-80, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1258/acb.2007.007125
[2] YW. Ho, KF. Chau, CB. Leung, "Hong Kong registry report 2004, Hong Kong Journal of Nephrology, vol. 7, pp. 38-46, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1561-5413(09)60179-4
[3] American Diabetes Association, "Nephropathy in diabetes (position statement)," Diabetes Care, vol. 27, pp. 79-83, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S79
[4] American Diabetes Association, "Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2009 (position statement)," Diabetes Care, vol. 32, pp. S13-61, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S013
[5] FW. Asselbergs, GF. Diercks, HL. Hillege, "Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria," Circulation, vol. 110, pp. 2809-16, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000146378.65439.7A
[6] HH. Parving, H. Lehnert, J. Brochner-Mortensen, R. Gomis, S. Andersen, P. Arner, "The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes,' New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 345, pp. 870-8. 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011489
[7] Microalbuminuria Collaborative Study Group, "Effect of Captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus andmicroalbuminuria," Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 271, pp. 275-9, 1994.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.271.4.275
[8] BM. Frier, M. Fisher, "Diabetes Mellitus. In: Niki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, and Stuart H. Ralston. Davidson's principles and practice of Medicine," 21st Edition. Edinburgh: CHURCHILL LIVINGTONE ELSVIER, vol. 39, pp. 1360, 2010.
[9] American Diabetic Association, "Clinical Practice Recommendations," Diabetes care, vol. 31, Suppl 1, 2008.
[10] World Health Organization, "Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. WHO/NCD/NCS/99.2 ed, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999.
[11] LD. Silva, TH. Ginter, T. Forbush, N. Nokes, B. Fay, T. Mikuls, et al., "Extraction and Quantification of Pack-year and Classification of Smoker Information in Semi-structured Medical," Records Appearing in Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning, Bellevue, WA, USA., pp. 2-4, 2011.
[12] MY. Ahmedani, MZI. Hydrie, A. Iqbal, A. Gul, WB. Mirza, A. Basit, "Prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients in Karachi-Pakistan. A multicenter study," Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, vol. 55, pp. 382-62005.
[13] A. Al-Kassab, W. Herman, T. Thompson, "Albuminuria is an uncommon complication of diabetes in Egypt," Diabetes, vol. 46, pp. 326 A, 1997.
[14] Thi Multicenter research group on diabetes, "Vascular complications in NIDDM in Thailand," Diabetes Res Clin Part, vol. 25, pp. 61-9, 1994.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8227(94)90162-7
[15] R. Klein, BE. Klein, SE. Moss, MD. Davis, DL. DeMets, KJ. Cruickshanks, et al., "The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy-? prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more, Arch Ophthalmol, vol. 102, pp. 527-32, 1984.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011
[16] C. Delcourt, F. Vauzelle-Kervroeddn, G. Cathelineau, L. Papoz, "Low prevalence of long-term complication in NIDDM in France: A multicenter study," J Diabetes Complications, vol. 12, pp. 88-95, 1998.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(97)98005-3
[17] A. Varghese, R. Deepa, M. Rema, V. Mohan, "Prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus at a diabetes center in southern India," Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 77, pp. 399-402, 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.77.908.399
[18] DJ. Newman, MB. Mattock, AB. Dawnay, S. Kerry, A. McGuire, M. Yaggob, et al., "Systematic reviews on urine albumin testing for early detection of diabetic complication," Health Technology Assessment, vol. 9, pp. 163, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.3310/hta9300
[19] R, Habbal, AR. Sekhri, M. Volpe, i- Search Investigators, "Prevalence of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients and its associated cardiovascular risk in clinical cardiology: Moroccan results of the global i-SEAR CH survey - a sub-analysis of a survey with 21050 patients in 26 countries worldwide," Cardiovascular J Afr, vol. 21, pp. 200-205, 2010.
[20] N. K. Chowta, P. Pant, M. N. Chowta, Deep Dutta, Subhadib C, Satinath M, et al., "Indian J Nephrol," vol. 19, pp. 53-56, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.53322
[21] M. Yvonne, O'. Meara, R. Hugh, B. Brady, M. Barry, et al., "Diabetic Nephropathy. In : Braunwald E, Fausi As, Kasper DL, eds," Harrison's Principles of internal medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 1590-1. 2001.
[22] M. Svensson, G. Sundkvist, HJ. Arnqvist, E. Bjork, G. Blohme, J. Bolinder, et al., "Signs of nephropathy may occur early in young adults with diabetes despite modern diabetes management: results from the nationwide population-based Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS),' Diabetes Care, vol. 26, pp. 2903-9, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.10.2903
[23] M, Afkhami-Ardekani, M. Modarnesi, E., "Amirichaghmaghi. Prevalence of microalbuminuria and its risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients," Indian Journal of Nephrology, vol. 18, pp. 112, 2008
https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.43690
[24.] G, Biesenbach, P. Grafinger, O. Janko, J. Zazgornik, M. Regalado, S. Yang, et al., "Influence of cigarette-smoking on the progression of clinical diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients," Clin Nephrol, vol. 48, pp. 146-150, 1997.
[25] G. Gambaro, G. Bax, M. Fusaro, M. Normanno, SM. Manani, M. Zanella, et al., "Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for nephropathy and its progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus," Diabetes Nutr Metab,; vol. 14, pp. 337-342, 2001.
[26] E. Ritz, H. Ogata, SR. Orth, A. Stefanski, RW. Schrier, E. Richard, et al., "Smoking: a factor promoting onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy," DiabetesMetab, vol. 26, pp. 54-63, 2000.
[27] R. Klein, BE. Klein, SE. Moss, LP. Aielo, MT. Chahil, JS. Wong, et al., "Epidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy," Diabetes Care, vol. 15, pp. 1875-1891, 1992.
https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.15.12.1875
[28] M. Shekiba, M. Afkhami-Ardekani, AM. Orafa, "The prevalence of micro and macroalbuminuria in diabetic patients referring to diabetes research center," Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, vol. 10, pp. 20-4, 2003.
[29] JH. Warram, JE. Manson, AS. Krolewski, "Glycosy-lated hemoglobin and the risk of retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus," New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 332, pp. 1305-6, 1995.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199505113321915
[30] MT. Pruijm, G. Madeleine, WF. Riesen, M. Burnier, P. Bovet, L. Bankir, et al., "Prevalence of microalbuminuria in the general population of Seychelles and strong association with diabetes and hypertension independent of renal markers," J Hypertens, vol. 26, pp. 871-7, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f624d9
[31] D. De Zeeuw, HH. Parving, RH. Henning, RO. Gans, DE. Grobbee, WM. Janssen, et al., "Microalbuminuria as an early marker for cardiovascular disease," J Am Soc Nephrol, vol. 17, pp. 2100-5, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006050517
https://doi.org/10.1258/acb.2007.007125
[2] YW. Ho, KF. Chau, CB. Leung, "Hong Kong registry report 2004, Hong Kong Journal of Nephrology, vol. 7, pp. 38-46, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1561-5413(09)60179-4
[3] American Diabetes Association, "Nephropathy in diabetes (position statement)," Diabetes Care, vol. 27, pp. 79-83, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S79
[4] American Diabetes Association, "Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2009 (position statement)," Diabetes Care, vol. 32, pp. S13-61, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S013
[5] FW. Asselbergs, GF. Diercks, HL. Hillege, "Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria," Circulation, vol. 110, pp. 2809-16, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000146378.65439.7A
[6] HH. Parving, H. Lehnert, J. Brochner-Mortensen, R. Gomis, S. Andersen, P. Arner, "The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes,' New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 345, pp. 870-8. 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011489
[7] Microalbuminuria Collaborative Study Group, "Effect of Captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus andmicroalbuminuria," Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 271, pp. 275-9, 1994.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.271.4.275
[8] BM. Frier, M. Fisher, "Diabetes Mellitus. In: Niki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, and Stuart H. Ralston. Davidson's principles and practice of Medicine," 21st Edition. Edinburgh: CHURCHILL LIVINGTONE ELSVIER, vol. 39, pp. 1360, 2010.
[9] American Diabetic Association, "Clinical Practice Recommendations," Diabetes care, vol. 31, Suppl 1, 2008.
[10] World Health Organization, "Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. WHO/NCD/NCS/99.2 ed, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999.
[11] LD. Silva, TH. Ginter, T. Forbush, N. Nokes, B. Fay, T. Mikuls, et al., "Extraction and Quantification of Pack-year and Classification of Smoker Information in Semi-structured Medical," Records Appearing in Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning, Bellevue, WA, USA., pp. 2-4, 2011.
[12] MY. Ahmedani, MZI. Hydrie, A. Iqbal, A. Gul, WB. Mirza, A. Basit, "Prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients in Karachi-Pakistan. A multicenter study," Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, vol. 55, pp. 382-62005.
[13] A. Al-Kassab, W. Herman, T. Thompson, "Albuminuria is an uncommon complication of diabetes in Egypt," Diabetes, vol. 46, pp. 326 A, 1997.
[14] Thi Multicenter research group on diabetes, "Vascular complications in NIDDM in Thailand," Diabetes Res Clin Part, vol. 25, pp. 61-9, 1994.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8227(94)90162-7
[15] R. Klein, BE. Klein, SE. Moss, MD. Davis, DL. DeMets, KJ. Cruickshanks, et al., "The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy-? prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more, Arch Ophthalmol, vol. 102, pp. 527-32, 1984.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011
[16] C. Delcourt, F. Vauzelle-Kervroeddn, G. Cathelineau, L. Papoz, "Low prevalence of long-term complication in NIDDM in France: A multicenter study," J Diabetes Complications, vol. 12, pp. 88-95, 1998.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(97)98005-3
[17] A. Varghese, R. Deepa, M. Rema, V. Mohan, "Prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus at a diabetes center in southern India," Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 77, pp. 399-402, 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.77.908.399
[18] DJ. Newman, MB. Mattock, AB. Dawnay, S. Kerry, A. McGuire, M. Yaggob, et al., "Systematic reviews on urine albumin testing for early detection of diabetic complication," Health Technology Assessment, vol. 9, pp. 163, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.3310/hta9300
[19] R, Habbal, AR. Sekhri, M. Volpe, i- Search Investigators, "Prevalence of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients and its associated cardiovascular risk in clinical cardiology: Moroccan results of the global i-SEAR CH survey - a sub-analysis of a survey with 21050 patients in 26 countries worldwide," Cardiovascular J Afr, vol. 21, pp. 200-205, 2010.
[20] N. K. Chowta, P. Pant, M. N. Chowta, Deep Dutta, Subhadib C, Satinath M, et al., "Indian J Nephrol," vol. 19, pp. 53-56, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.53322
[21] M. Yvonne, O'. Meara, R. Hugh, B. Brady, M. Barry, et al., "Diabetic Nephropathy. In : Braunwald E, Fausi As, Kasper DL, eds," Harrison's Principles of internal medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 1590-1. 2001.
[22] M. Svensson, G. Sundkvist, HJ. Arnqvist, E. Bjork, G. Blohme, J. Bolinder, et al., "Signs of nephropathy may occur early in young adults with diabetes despite modern diabetes management: results from the nationwide population-based Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS),' Diabetes Care, vol. 26, pp. 2903-9, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.10.2903
[23] M, Afkhami-Ardekani, M. Modarnesi, E., "Amirichaghmaghi. Prevalence of microalbuminuria and its risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients," Indian Journal of Nephrology, vol. 18, pp. 112, 2008
https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-4065.43690
[24.] G, Biesenbach, P. Grafinger, O. Janko, J. Zazgornik, M. Regalado, S. Yang, et al., "Influence of cigarette-smoking on the progression of clinical diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients," Clin Nephrol, vol. 48, pp. 146-150, 1997.
[25] G. Gambaro, G. Bax, M. Fusaro, M. Normanno, SM. Manani, M. Zanella, et al., "Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for nephropathy and its progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus," Diabetes Nutr Metab,; vol. 14, pp. 337-342, 2001.
[26] E. Ritz, H. Ogata, SR. Orth, A. Stefanski, RW. Schrier, E. Richard, et al., "Smoking: a factor promoting onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy," DiabetesMetab, vol. 26, pp. 54-63, 2000.
[27] R. Klein, BE. Klein, SE. Moss, LP. Aielo, MT. Chahil, JS. Wong, et al., "Epidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy," Diabetes Care, vol. 15, pp. 1875-1891, 1992.
https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.15.12.1875
[28] M. Shekiba, M. Afkhami-Ardekani, AM. Orafa, "The prevalence of micro and macroalbuminuria in diabetic patients referring to diabetes research center," Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, vol. 10, pp. 20-4, 2003.
[29] JH. Warram, JE. Manson, AS. Krolewski, "Glycosy-lated hemoglobin and the risk of retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus," New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 332, pp. 1305-6, 1995.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199505113321915
[30] MT. Pruijm, G. Madeleine, WF. Riesen, M. Burnier, P. Bovet, L. Bankir, et al., "Prevalence of microalbuminuria in the general population of Seychelles and strong association with diabetes and hypertension independent of renal markers," J Hypertens, vol. 26, pp. 871-7, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f624d9
[31] D. De Zeeuw, HH. Parving, RH. Henning, RO. Gans, DE. Grobbee, WM. Janssen, et al., "Microalbuminuria as an early marker for cardiovascular disease," J Am Soc Nephrol, vol. 17, pp. 2100-5, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006050517
Downloads
How to Cite
[1]
Z. S. Ramzi and M. A. Sulaiman, “Microalbuminuria in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Associated Risk factors Title of your”, KJAR, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 155–159, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.24017/science.2017.2.23.
Article Metrics
Published
30-07-2017
Issue
Section
Pure and Applied Science
