Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency among Students in Hajand and Amad High Schools in Shekhan City
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.2.11
Abstract views: 1678 / PDF downloads: 1059Abstract
Color vision deficiency is a condition affecting human's ability to see or recognize specific colors. It is mostly genetic, X-linked recessive inheritance and thus, is more common among males than females. This cross sectional study was done to find the prevalence of color vision deficiency among high school students in Shekhan city and to find the relation of color vision deficiency with different races. The study has been conducted in two high schools that were present inside Shekhan city at the time of the study (Amad high school for males and Hajand high school for females). All students screened by using Ishihara 24 plates.640 students (283 males, 357 females) were screened. Students' age range (15-22 years), the Mean age for males17.50 years and for females 17.13 years. The prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency was 6.36% among males and 0.84% among females. The most common types of Color Vision Deficiency among males were deuteranomaly (10cases),protanomaly (5 cases), deuteranopia (2 cases) and protanopia (1 case). There was no significant difference between races and color vision deficiency. Similar to dyslexia, before it was well known and well understood, color vision deficiency is aninvisible disability and can lead to students becoming disappointment with learning or feeling that they are moronic or less cable than others. It can provide erroneous rules for learning and indeed, even influence how well they do in their exams and consecutively their choice of career.
Keywords:
Color Vision Deficiency, Ishihara color test, High school students , and Shekhan city.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580590932743
[30] A. Shah , R. Hussain , M. Fareed , M. Afzal "Prevalence of RedGreen Color Vision Defects am ong Muslim Males and Females of Manipur, India" Iran J Public Health,42(1).pp.16-24,2013.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.018
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[35] B.L. Cole "Impact of congenital color vision deficiency does cause problems" BMJ, 330.pp. 96,2005.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7482.96-a
https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.29.000313
[2] J. Neitz and M. Neitz," The genetics of normal and defective color vision", Vision Res, 51(7).pp.633-51,2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002
[3] SS.Deeb, "Molecular genetics of color vision deficiencies"Clin Exp Optom, 87.pp. 224-229,2004.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05052.x
[4] E.M.Cruz,H.G.S. Cerdana,A.M.B.Cabrera,C.B. Garcia,E.T.Santos-Morabe,M.L.R. Nañagas, "Prevalence of color-vision deficiency among male high-school students",Philipp J Ophthalmol,35(1).pp.20-4,2010.
[5] A. K. Khurana, Comprehensive Ophthalmology , Jaypee Brothers Medical , New Delhi, India , 6th edition , 2015.
[6] O .M. Oriowo and A. Z. Alotaibi,"Colour vision screening among Saudi Arabian Children" S Afr Optom , 67(2) .pp.56-61,2008.
https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v67i2.182
[7] V.Rogosic, L. Bojic, K. Karaman , L.V. Rogosic , M.Titlic , N.K. Poljak , et al " Comparative follow- up study of unselected male population with congenital defective color vision from inland and Mediterranean areas of Croatia" Acta Med Croatica,65(1).pp.19-24,2011.
[8] K.J. Karim ,M. A. Saleem "Prevalence of Congenital Red-Green Color Vision Defects among Various Ethnic Groups of Students in Erbil City " JJBS , 6(6).pp.235-238,2013.
https://doi.org/10.12816/0001540
[9] S.Ishihara. The series of plates designed as a test for color deficiency. 24 plates edition. Kanehara Trading Inc, Tokyo, Japan, 2007.
[10] A. Mulusew , A. Yilikal "Prevalence of congenital color vision defects among school children in five schools of Abeshge District, Central Ethiopia" JOECSA , (1).pp.10-14,2013.
[11] Color Blind Awareness (2015) Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) Conference 2015 debates need for educational staff to be trained to supportcolorblindpupils. www.colourblindawareness.org/wp- content/uploads/ 2015/02/ATL2015-conference- Colour-Blindness.pdf [accessed July 2, 2017].
[12] B.M.S. Al-Musawi "Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency among Adult Males from Baghdad Province" Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal,31(3).pp.134-140,2013.
[13] W.S. Al-Amood , S.G. Mohammed , D.A.H. Al Sanawi , A.R.H. Radhi, B. Abdul-Rehman "Incidence of color blindness in Iraqi Arabs" Hum Hered ,31.pp.122-123,1981.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000153191
[14] J. Pokorny, V.C. Smith, Verriest G. AJLG.Pinckers. Congenital and acquired color vision defects. Grune & Stratton,New York, 1979.
[15] M.T. Al-Aqtum, M.H. Al-Qawasmeh "Prevalence of color blindness in young Jordanians" Ophthalmologica, 215 (1).pp. 39-42,2001.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000050824
[16] M. Khalaj, A. Barikani, M. Mohammadi "Prevalence of color vision de?ciency in Qazvin" Zahedan J Res Med Sci,16(1).pp.91-93,2014.
https://doi.org/10.17795/bhs-22087
[17] M.R. Bagherzadeh , M .Ghodamaei ,M. Hosseini "Color blindness in male students in guidance schools (Zanjan-2002)" Iran J Ophthalmol.19(1).pp.55-62, 2006.
[18] M. Modarres, M. Mirsamadi , G.A. Peyman "Prevalence of congenital color de?ciencies in secondary-school students in Tehran" Int Ophthalmol,20(4).pp.221-222,1996.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00175263
[19] M. Citirik, G. Acaroglu ,C. Batman ,O. Zilelioglu "Congenital color blind- ness in young Turkish men"OphthalmicEpidemiol,;12(2).pp.133e137, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580590932743
[20] E.P. Osuobeni "Prevalence of congenital red-green color vision defects in Arab boys from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 3(3).pp.167-170,1996.
https://doi.org/10.3109/09286589609080123
[21] J. Voke , P. Voke " Congenital dyschomatopsias among Saudi Arabians" Saudi Med J,1(1).pp.209e214,1980.
[22] K. Feig , H.H.Ropers " On the incidence of unilateral and bilateral color blindness in heterozygous females" Hum Genet,41.pp.313-323,1978.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284765
[23] J. Koliopoulos , P. Iordanides ,G. Palimeris , E. Chimonidou "Data concerning colour vision deficiencies amongst 29,985 young Greeks" Mod Probl Ophthalmol,17.pp.161-164,1976.
[24] M. Norn. "Prevalence of congenital color blindness among INUIT in East Greenland".Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 75. pp. 206-209,1997.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00125.x
[25] R.H.Post "Population differences in red and green color vision deficiency: a review and a query on selection relaxation" Social Biology, 29.pp.299-315, 1982.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1982.9988503
[26] M. Fareed, M. A. Anwar, M. Afzal "Prevalence and gene frequency of color vision impairments among children of six populations from North Indian region" Genes & Diseases , 2(2). pp. 211-218,2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2015.02.006
[27] D.R. Niroula , C.G. Saha "The Incidence of colour blindness among some school children of Pokhara, Western Nepal" Nepal Med Coll J, 12(1).pp. 48-50,2010.
[28] E. M. Cruz, H. G. S. Cerdana, A. M. B. Cabrera, C.B. Garcia, E. T. Santos-Morabe, and M. L. R. Nañagas "Prevalence of color-vision deficiency among male high-school students" Philipp J Ophthalmol ,35(1).pp.20-24,2010.
[29] M. Citirik , G. Acaroglu , C. Batman ,O. Zilelioglu"Congenital colour blindness in young Turkish men" Ophthalmic Epidemiol,12.pp.133e137,2005.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580590932743
[30] A. Shah , R. Hussain , M. Fareed , M. Afzal "Prevalence of RedGreen Color Vision Defects am ong Muslim Males and Females of Manipur, India" Iran J Public Health,42(1).pp.16-24,2013.
[31] H. M.A. Dahlan, and O. A. Mostafa "Screening for Color Vision Defects among Male Saudi Secondary School Children in Jizan City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" Med. J. Cairo Univ. 81(1).pp.513-517, 2013.
[32] Q.Y. Qian , Z. Abudureheman , A. Aximu, P. Muhamat , G. Yasen , M. Aili , et al" Comparison of congenital vision deficiencies prevalence between Han and Uygur high-school students " Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi,45(2).pp.131-134,2009.
[33] J. Z. Xie, K. Tarczy-Hornoch , J. Lin, S.A. Cotter, M. Torres , R .Varma "Color Vision Deficiency in Preschool Children: The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study" Ophthalmology,121(7).pp. 1469-1474,2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.018
[34] J.S. Rahi "Screening could help choice of medical Career" BMJ, 330 (8) .pp.96, 2005.
[35] B.L. Cole "Impact of congenital color vision deficiency does cause problems" BMJ, 330.pp. 96,2005.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7482.96-a
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[1]
M. A. Abdulrahman, “Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency among Students in Hajand and Amad High Schools in Shekhan City”, KJAR, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 84–88, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.24017/science.2017.2.11.
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30-07-2017
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