Characteristics and Risk Factors for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Among Females
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2020.1.14
Abstract views: 1898 / PDF downloads: 885Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrinal syndrome may affect the female at adult ages. In polycystic ovary, the ovarian seen that are enlarged and the investigation may base on ultra-sonographic detection. Polycystic ovarian syndrome always represents a spectrum of syndrome rather than the diseases. Also clinically presented by polycystic on ovarian and generally demonstrated by reversible. 104 female patients were examined, 18 (17.3%) of females were diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome. The mean age was 24.62 ± 7.32 years (ranged from 15 month to 50 years-old). 17 (94.4%) of women were less than 25 years-old p-value=0.03, hormonal abnormality was the most frequent symptoms in relation to polycystic ovarian syndrome 10 (55.5%) and p-value=0.001. 16 (88.9%) of women experienced vaginal discharge p-value=0.09. In conclusion, one from six females is expected to experience polycystic ovarian syndrome. Young females are probably to be at a high risk for developing polycystic ovarian syndrome. Despite uncertain etiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome, marital status, stress or anxiety, doing a regular exercise and pregnancy are all related parameters to the incidence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Additionally, Cases with high hormonal abnormality and vaginal excretion could be considerable indicators of polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Keywords:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome, risk factor, stress, fertility.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh098
[2] R. Azziz, E. Carmina, D. Dewailly, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, H. Escobar-Morreale, W. Futterweit, et al., "POSITION STATEMENT: Criteria for Defining Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a Predominantly Hyperandrogenic Syndrome: An Androgen Excess Society Guideline," J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91(11), pp. 4237-4245, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0178
[3] H. Escobar-Morreale, J. Botella-Carretero, F. lvarez-Blasco, J. Sancho, J. San Milla'n, "The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Associated with Morbid Obesity May Resolve after Weight Loss Induced by Bariatric Surgery," J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90 (12), pp. 6364-6369, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1490
[4] A. Bargiota, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, "The effects of old, new and emerging medicines on metabolic aberrations in PCOS," Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 3(1), pp. 27-47, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018812437355
[5] R. Azziz, K. Woods, R. Reyna, T. Key, E. Knochenhauer, B. Yildiz, "The Prevalence and Features of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in an Unselected Population," J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89(6), pp. 2745-2749, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-032046
[6] T. Du, Y. Duan, K. Li, X. Zhao, R. Ni, Y. Li, D. Yang, "Statistical Genomic Approach Identifies Association between FSHR Polymorphisms and Polycystic Ovary Morphology in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome," BioMed Research International, 10 (1), pp. 7, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/483726
[7] T. Zuo, M. Zhu, W. Xu, "Roles of Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cancers," Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 10 (11), pp. 14, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8589318
[8] A. Bargiota, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, "The effects of old, new and emerging medicines on metabolic aberrations in PCOS," ther Adv Endocrinol metab., 3(1), pp. 27-47, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018812437355
[9] S.Suarez1, A. Pacey, "Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract," Human Reproduction Update, 12(1) pp. 23-37, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmi047
[10] I. Gipson, R. Moccia, S. Spurr-Michaud, P. Argu, A. Gargiulo, J. Hill, G. Offner, et al., "The Amount of MUC5B Mucin in Cervical Mucus Peaks at Midcycle," JCE & M, 86(2), 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.2.594
[11] P. Vigil, M. Cortés, A. Zúñiga, J. Riquelme, F. Ceric, "Scanning Electron and Light Microscopy Study of the Cervical Mucus in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome," Journal of Electron Microscopy, 58(1), pp. 21-27, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfn032
[12] O. Lunde, P. Magnus, L. Sandvik, S. Høglo, "Familial Clustering in the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome," Gynecol Obstet Invest, 28, pp. 23-30, 1989.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000293493
[13] H. Mobeen, N. Afzal, M. Kashif, "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome May Be an Autoimmune Disorder," Scientifica, 10(1), pp.7, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4071735
[14] S. Doi, M. Al-Zaid, P. Towers, C. Scott, K. Al-Shoumer, "Irregular cycles and steroid hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome," Human Reproduction, 20(9), pp. 2402-2408, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei093
[15] B. Keevil, "Steroid Mass Spectrometry for the Diagnosis of PCOS," Med. Sci. 7, pp. 78, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7070078
[16] J.Mellembakken, S. Berga, M. Kilen, T. Tanbo, T. Abyholm, P. Fedorcsak, "Sustained fertility from 22 to 41 years of age in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome," Human Reproduction, 26(9), pp. 2499-2504, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der214
[17] S.Qureshi, K. Shah, J. Gupta, N. Upmanyu, "Prevalence and risk factor of polycystic ovarian syndrome," Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 9(2), pp. 23-25, 2016.
[18] B. Khalaf, "Leptin levels in relation to marital status and neuroendocrine function in Iraqi females with polycystic ovary syndrome," Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 18, pp. 41-44, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2009.12.005
[19] K. Remsberg, E. Talbott, J. Zborowski, R. Evans, K. McHugh-Pemu, "Evidence for competing effects of body mass, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and androgens on leptin levels among lean, overweight, and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome," Fertil. Steril. 78, pp. 479-486, 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03303-4
[20] A. Shulman, Y. Ghetler, Y. Beyth and I. Ben-Nun, "The significance of an early (premature) rise of plasma progesterone in in vitro fertilization cycles induced by a "long protocol" of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue and human menopausal gonadotropins," J Assist Reprod Genet, 13, pp. 207-211, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02065937
[21] S. Benson, P. Arck, S. Tanc, S. Hahn, K. Mann, N. Rifaie, et al., "Disturbed stress responses in women with polycystic ovary syndrome," Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, pp. 727-735, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.001
[22] A. Gallinelli, M. Matteo, A. Volpe, F. Facchinetti, "Autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to stress in patients with functional hypothalamic secondary amenorrhea. Fertil. Steril, 73, pp. 812-816, 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00601-9
[23] B. Shan, J.Cai, S. Yang, Z. Li, "Risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Li People," Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 8(7), pp. 590-593, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.07.001
[24] SD. Reed, D. Scholes, AZ. LaCroix, LE. Ichikawa, WE. Barlow, SM. Ott, et al., "Longitudinal changes in bone density in relation to oral contraceptive use," Contraception, 68, pp. 177?82, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00147-1
[25] M. Gambacciani, B. Cappagli, M. Ciaponi, C. Benussi, AR. Genazzani, "Hormone replacement therapy in perimenopause: Effect of a low dose oral contraceptive preparation on bone quantitative ultrasound characteristics," Menopause, 6, pp. 43?8, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00042192-199906010-00009
[26] M. Gambacciani, B. Cappagli, V. Lazzarini, M. Ciaponi, F. Fruzzetti, AR. Genazzani, et al., "Longitudinal evaluation of perimenopausal bone loss: Effects of different low dose oral contraceptive preparations on bone mineral density," Maturitas 54, pp. 176?80, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.10.007
[27] G. Shamim, J. Stephen, C. Weliam, J. GreIndian, "The elasticity of cervical-vaginal secretions is abnormal in polycystic ovary syndrome: Case report of five PCOS women," Endocrinal Metab, 16(6), pp. 1019-1021, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.103030
[28] P. Morales, M. Roco, P. Vigil, "Human cervical mucus: relationship between biochemical characteristics and ability to allow migration of spermatozoa," Hum Reprod, 8, pp. 78-83, 1993.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137879
[29] P. Vigil, A. Perez, J. Neira, P. Morales, "Postpartum cervical mucus: biological and rheological properties," Hum Reprod, 6, pp. 475- 479, 1991.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137364
[30] B. Chandrasekaran, "Exercise in polycystic ovarian syndrome: An evidence?based review," Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(3), pp. 123-128, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.4103/sjsm.sjsm_10_17
[31] SK. Hutchison, HJ. Teede, D. Rachon, CL. Harrison, BJ. Strauss, NK. Stepto, "Effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, mitochondria and computed tomography muscle attenuation in overweight women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome," Diabetologia, 55, pp. 1424?34, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2442-8
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh098
[2] R. Azziz, E. Carmina, D. Dewailly, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, H. Escobar-Morreale, W. Futterweit, et al., "POSITION STATEMENT: Criteria for Defining Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a Predominantly Hyperandrogenic Syndrome: An Androgen Excess Society Guideline," J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91(11), pp. 4237-4245, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0178
[3] H. Escobar-Morreale, J. Botella-Carretero, F. lvarez-Blasco, J. Sancho, J. San Milla'n, "The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Associated with Morbid Obesity May Resolve after Weight Loss Induced by Bariatric Surgery," J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90 (12), pp. 6364-6369, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1490
[4] A. Bargiota, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, "The effects of old, new and emerging medicines on metabolic aberrations in PCOS," Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 3(1), pp. 27-47, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018812437355
[5] R. Azziz, K. Woods, R. Reyna, T. Key, E. Knochenhauer, B. Yildiz, "The Prevalence and Features of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in an Unselected Population," J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89(6), pp. 2745-2749, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-032046
[6] T. Du, Y. Duan, K. Li, X. Zhao, R. Ni, Y. Li, D. Yang, "Statistical Genomic Approach Identifies Association between FSHR Polymorphisms and Polycystic Ovary Morphology in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome," BioMed Research International, 10 (1), pp. 7, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/483726
[7] T. Zuo, M. Zhu, W. Xu, "Roles of Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cancers," Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 10 (11), pp. 14, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8589318
[8] A. Bargiota, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, "The effects of old, new and emerging medicines on metabolic aberrations in PCOS," ther Adv Endocrinol metab., 3(1), pp. 27-47, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018812437355
[9] S.Suarez1, A. Pacey, "Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract," Human Reproduction Update, 12(1) pp. 23-37, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmi047
[10] I. Gipson, R. Moccia, S. Spurr-Michaud, P. Argu, A. Gargiulo, J. Hill, G. Offner, et al., "The Amount of MUC5B Mucin in Cervical Mucus Peaks at Midcycle," JCE & M, 86(2), 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.2.594
[11] P. Vigil, M. Cortés, A. Zúñiga, J. Riquelme, F. Ceric, "Scanning Electron and Light Microscopy Study of the Cervical Mucus in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome," Journal of Electron Microscopy, 58(1), pp. 21-27, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfn032
[12] O. Lunde, P. Magnus, L. Sandvik, S. Høglo, "Familial Clustering in the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome," Gynecol Obstet Invest, 28, pp. 23-30, 1989.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000293493
[13] H. Mobeen, N. Afzal, M. Kashif, "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome May Be an Autoimmune Disorder," Scientifica, 10(1), pp.7, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4071735
[14] S. Doi, M. Al-Zaid, P. Towers, C. Scott, K. Al-Shoumer, "Irregular cycles and steroid hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome," Human Reproduction, 20(9), pp. 2402-2408, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei093
[15] B. Keevil, "Steroid Mass Spectrometry for the Diagnosis of PCOS," Med. Sci. 7, pp. 78, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7070078
[16] J.Mellembakken, S. Berga, M. Kilen, T. Tanbo, T. Abyholm, P. Fedorcsak, "Sustained fertility from 22 to 41 years of age in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome," Human Reproduction, 26(9), pp. 2499-2504, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der214
[17] S.Qureshi, K. Shah, J. Gupta, N. Upmanyu, "Prevalence and risk factor of polycystic ovarian syndrome," Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 9(2), pp. 23-25, 2016.
[18] B. Khalaf, "Leptin levels in relation to marital status and neuroendocrine function in Iraqi females with polycystic ovary syndrome," Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 18, pp. 41-44, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2009.12.005
[19] K. Remsberg, E. Talbott, J. Zborowski, R. Evans, K. McHugh-Pemu, "Evidence for competing effects of body mass, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and androgens on leptin levels among lean, overweight, and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome," Fertil. Steril. 78, pp. 479-486, 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03303-4
[20] A. Shulman, Y. Ghetler, Y. Beyth and I. Ben-Nun, "The significance of an early (premature) rise of plasma progesterone in in vitro fertilization cycles induced by a "long protocol" of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue and human menopausal gonadotropins," J Assist Reprod Genet, 13, pp. 207-211, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02065937
[21] S. Benson, P. Arck, S. Tanc, S. Hahn, K. Mann, N. Rifaie, et al., "Disturbed stress responses in women with polycystic ovary syndrome," Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, pp. 727-735, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.001
[22] A. Gallinelli, M. Matteo, A. Volpe, F. Facchinetti, "Autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to stress in patients with functional hypothalamic secondary amenorrhea. Fertil. Steril, 73, pp. 812-816, 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00601-9
[23] B. Shan, J.Cai, S. Yang, Z. Li, "Risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Li People," Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 8(7), pp. 590-593, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.07.001
[24] SD. Reed, D. Scholes, AZ. LaCroix, LE. Ichikawa, WE. Barlow, SM. Ott, et al., "Longitudinal changes in bone density in relation to oral contraceptive use," Contraception, 68, pp. 177?82, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(03)00147-1
[25] M. Gambacciani, B. Cappagli, M. Ciaponi, C. Benussi, AR. Genazzani, "Hormone replacement therapy in perimenopause: Effect of a low dose oral contraceptive preparation on bone quantitative ultrasound characteristics," Menopause, 6, pp. 43?8, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00042192-199906010-00009
[26] M. Gambacciani, B. Cappagli, V. Lazzarini, M. Ciaponi, F. Fruzzetti, AR. Genazzani, et al., "Longitudinal evaluation of perimenopausal bone loss: Effects of different low dose oral contraceptive preparations on bone mineral density," Maturitas 54, pp. 176?80, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.10.007
[27] G. Shamim, J. Stephen, C. Weliam, J. GreIndian, "The elasticity of cervical-vaginal secretions is abnormal in polycystic ovary syndrome: Case report of five PCOS women," Endocrinal Metab, 16(6), pp. 1019-1021, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.103030
[28] P. Morales, M. Roco, P. Vigil, "Human cervical mucus: relationship between biochemical characteristics and ability to allow migration of spermatozoa," Hum Reprod, 8, pp. 78-83, 1993.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137879
[29] P. Vigil, A. Perez, J. Neira, P. Morales, "Postpartum cervical mucus: biological and rheological properties," Hum Reprod, 6, pp. 475- 479, 1991.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137364
[30] B. Chandrasekaran, "Exercise in polycystic ovarian syndrome: An evidence?based review," Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(3), pp. 123-128, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.4103/sjsm.sjsm_10_17
[31] SK. Hutchison, HJ. Teede, D. Rachon, CL. Harrison, BJ. Strauss, NK. Stepto, "Effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, mitochondria and computed tomography muscle attenuation in overweight women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome," Diabetologia, 55, pp. 1424?34, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2442-8
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[1]
B. K. Muhammad, “Characteristics and Risk Factors for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Among Females”, KJAR, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 200–209, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.24017/science.2020.1.14.
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30-06-2020
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