Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Hepatitis C Viral Infections in Tertiary Centres in Sulaimani City / Kurdistan Region of Iraq
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.2.4
Abstract views: 1066 / PDF downloads: 854Abstract
Hepatitis C infection is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease. It is growing threat and main burden on public health. Globally more than 170 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), up to 4 million new infections annually and each year more than 350000 dies of HCV related complications, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus this descriptive case-series study was conducted in five health facilities in Sulaimani city, from 23rd December 2015 to 10th of June 2016. The data were collected from 180 HCV infected patients by face to face interview; they were interviewed privately by using a structured questionnaire. P-values of ?0.05 were considered statistically significant. Out of 180 patients, 45% were males and 55% were females, the mean age of the cases was 33.18 years, regarding marital status 55.5% of the cases were single. The majority of the cases were diagnosed by routine screening. Most of the patients (70.7%) had no signs and symptoms at the time of diagnosis. In each patient at least two identifiable risk factors for getting HCV infection were reported. Among the patients that had genotype test, 67.2% of them infected with genotyope1. More than three-quarters of the participants had elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). More future studied parameters and practical skills should be performed to significantly reduce the risk of HCV infection in Sulaimani.
Keywords:
hepatitis C epidemiology, risk factors, tertiary centers, Sulaimani.
References
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[2] K. L. MacArthur, C. H. Wu, and G. Y. Wu, "Animal models for the study of hepatitis C virus infection and replication," World J Gastroenterol, vol. 18, pp. 2909-13, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i23.2909
[3] M. D. Howard K. Koh, M.P.H and Ronald O. Valdiserri, M.D., M.P.H., "Action Plan for the Prevention, Care, & Treatment of Viral Hepatitis 2014-2016," 2014.
[4] A. Bari, S. Akhtar, M. H. Rahbar, and S. P. Luby, "Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in male adults in Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan," Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol. 6, pp. 732-738, 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00779.x
[5] E. Hajiani, R. Masjedizadeh, J. Hashemi, M. Azmi, and T. Rajabi, "Hepatitis C virus transmission and its risk factors within families of patients infected with hepatitis C virus in southern Iran: Khuzestan," WJG, vol. 12, pp. 7025-7028, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i43.7025
[6] Z. S. Ramzi, A. A. Abdulla, T. AL-Hadithi, and N. Al-Tawil, "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Hemodialysis Pateints in Sulaimani," Zanco J. Med. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 44-50, 2010.
[7] M. O. MOHAMMED, "Prevalence of Hepatitis-B and Hepatitis-C among blood donors in Sulaimani city," JZS, vol. Part A, 9, pp. 1-7, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10155
[8] A. H. Hussein, "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viruses among Blood Donors in Sulaimani Major Blood Bank for the Years 2006 and 2007: A Comparative Study," Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, vol. 13, pp. 15-20, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10206
[9] B. O., Kareem, and G. F. Salih, "HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPING IN SULAIMANI GOVERNORATE," European Scientific Journal, vol. 10, pp. 1857 - 7881, 2014.
[10] M. T. Shakeri, H. Nomani, M. G. Mobarhan, H. Reza, Sima, S. Gerayli, et al., "The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus in Mashhad, Iran: A Population-Based Study," Hepat Mon. , vol. 13, pp. 2-5, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.7723
[11] S. Chlabicz, R. Flisiak, A. Grzeszczuk, O. Kovalchuk, D. Prokopowicz, and L. Chyczewski, "Known and probable risk factors for hepatitis C infection: A case series in north-eastern Poland," WJG, vol. 12, pp. 141-145, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i1.141
[12] O. McKenna, C. Cunningham, and C. Blake, "Socio-demographic and clinical features of Irish iatrogenic hepatitis C patients: a cross-sectional survey," BMC Public Health, vol. 9, pp. 1-11, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-323
[13] S. L. Chen and T. R. Morgan, "The Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection," nt. J. Med. Sci, vol. 3, pp. 47-52, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.3.47
[14] A. S. Alghamdi, F. M. Sanai, M. Ismail, H. Alghamdi, K. Alswat, A. Alqutub, et al., "SASLT Practice Guidelines: Management of Hepatitis C Virus Infection," Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association, vol. 18, pp. S1-S32, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.101155
[15] E. W. Abd El-Wahab, A. Mikheal, F. Sidkey, and H. Z. Shatat, "Factors Associated with Hepatitis C Infection among Chronic HCV Egyptian Patients," Iranian Journal of Public Health, vol. 43, pp. 1510-1518, 2014.
[16] J. R. Neto, M. R. Cubas, S. Z. Kusma, and M. Olandoski, "Prevalence of hepatitis C in adult users of the public health service of São José dos Pinhais - Paraná," Rev Bras Epidemiology vol. 15, pp. 627-38, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2012000300016
[17] C. E. Ramarokoto, F. Rakotomanana, M. Ratsitorahina, V. Raharimanga, R. Razafindratsimandresy, R. Randremanana, et al., "Seroprevalence of hepatitis C and associated risk factors in urban areas of Antananarivo, Madagascar," BMC Infect Dis, vol. 8, pp. 1-7, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-8-25
[18] C. A. Onyekwere, A. O Ogbera, A. Olusola Dada, O. O Adeleye, A. O Dosunmu, A. A. Akinbami, et al., "Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Prevalence in Special Populations and Associated Risk Factors: A Report From a Tertiary Hospital," Hepat Mon, vol. 16, pp. 1-5, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.35532
[19] M. Kosti?, B. Koci?, and L. P. Dragonji?., "Epidemiological Characteristics of Carriers of Antibody Against Hepatitis C Virus in the Population of Nišava District," ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS, vol. 31, pp. 51-58, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.2478/afmnai-2014-0005
[20] S. M. Kamal, "Acute Hepatitis C: A Systematic Review," Am J Gastroenterol, vol. 103, pp. 1283-1297, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01825.x
[21] F. Nouroz, S. Shaheen, G. Mujtaba, and S. Noreen, "An overview on hepatitis C virus genotypes and its control," Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, vol. 16, pp. 291-298, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.05.003
[22] d. A. R. A. Pondé, "Hidden hazards of HCV transmission," Medical Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 200, pp. 7-11, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-010-0159-9
[23] E. Henkle, M. Lu, L. B. Rupp, J. A. Boscarino, V. Vijayadeva, M. A. Schmidt, et al., "Hepatitis A and B Immunity and Vaccination in Chronic Hepatitis B and C Patients in a Large United States Cohort," Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 60, pp. 514-522, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu879
[24] P. Singh, R. Kaur, and A. Kaur, "Frequency distribution of Hepatitis C virus in different geographical regions of Punjab: Retrospective study from a tertiary care centre in North India," Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, vol. 5, pp. 56-58, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.127288
[25] E. Gupta, M. Bajpai, and A. Choudhary, "Hepatitis C virus: Screening, diagnosis, and interpretation of laboratory assays," Asian Journal of Transfusion Science, vol. 8, pp. 19-25, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6247.126683
[26] J. P. Messina, I. Humphreys, A. Flaxman, A. Brown, G. S. Cooke, O. G. Pybus, et al., "Global Distribution and Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes," HEPATOLOGY, vol. 61, pp. 77-87, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27259
[27] C. Mazzeo, F. Azzaroli, S. Giovanelli, A. Dormi, D. Festi, A. Colecchia, et al., "Ten year incidence of HCV infection in northern Italy and frequency of spontaneous viral clearance," Gut vol. 52, pp. 1030-1034, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.52.7.1030
[28] H. S. Rehan, D. Chopra, M. Yadav, N. Wardhan, S. Manak, K. M. Siddiqui, et al., "Safety and efficacy of Qurse-e-istisqua in chronic hepatitis C Infection: An exploratory study," Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 47, pp. 72-79, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.150347
[29] B. R. Thapa and A. Walia, "Liver Function Tests and their Interpretation," Indian Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 74, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-007-0118-7
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[1]
B. R. Hama Rahim, A. H. Hussain, M. O. Mohammed, and K. J. Rashid, “Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Hepatitis C Viral Infections in Tertiary Centres in Sulaimani City / Kurdistan Region of Iraq”, KJAR, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 29–35, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.24017/science.2017.2.4.
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30-07-2017
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