Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis B, C and HIV Cases among the Foreigners Visiting Sulaimani City from 2013 Through 2016
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2019.ICHMS.23
Abstract views: 1451 / PDF downloads: 735Abstract
Hepatitis B, C and HIV infections present a great public health problem worldwide. More than 350 million of world's populations have chronic HBV infection and near 1 million people are dying due to this infection each year. About 150-200 million of world's population have chronic HCV infection that leads to nearly 350 000 deaths annually. On the other hand HIV remains as a major global public health issue. In 2015, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV and 1.1 million people died of HIV related illnesses.
To find the prevalence of HB, HCV and HIV infection among the foreigners who visited Sulaimani city in 2013 through 2016 and evaluate the common risk factors in those who had a positive results in 2016. This study was conducted between 1stof January 2016 and 31st December 2016. A total number of 275,979 foreigners who were referred formally to the central laboratory- residency department in Sulaimani city for screening for (HBsAg, HCV Ab and HIV Ab) from 2013 through 2016 were analyzed and all the foreigners who visited Sulaimani city in 2016 were included with assessment of demographic data and risk factors among the positive cases. Among 275,979 foreigners who visited Sulaimani city from 2013 through 2016, theoverall prevalence of HBV infection was0.47%(1318 cases), HCV 0.01 %( 267 cases) and HIV 0.01 %( 30 cases). In 2016 the highest prevalence of HBV infection was among Syrians which was 2.5% while highest HCV prevalence was among Europeans 0.82%. Ages of the patients ranged between (18-65) years, 85.4% were males, 65.2% of males and 45.7% of females were married. Dental procedures, surgery, blood transfusion and family history were common risk factors.
HBV infection was highest among Syrian foreigners. While the highest HCV prevalence was among Europeans. An immediate action plan is needed to screen all Syrian refugees in our region for HBV, HCV and HIV to determine active infection and treat accordingly and also impose preventive measures to halt the spread of the infections.
Keywords:
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, Prevalence, Foreigners,Sulaimani
References
[1] D. Samuel, R Muller, G Alexander: Educational Research, National Hepatitis B Virus Programme. Infect Dis. 2004; 234:221-332
[2] S. De Meyer, Z.J. Gong, W. Suwandhi. Organ and species specifity of HBV infection, journal of viral hepatitis.1997; 4,145-153.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.1997.00126.x
[3] H. Norder, AM Courouce, LO. Magnius. Complete genomes, phylogenetic relatedness, and structural proteins of six strains of the hepatitis B virus, four of which represent two new genotypes. Virology.1994; 198(2):489-503.
https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1994.1060
[4] FV. Chisari, C. Ferrari. Hepatitis B virus immunopathology. Springer SeminImmunopathol. 1995. 17(2-3):261-81.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196169
[5] D. Ganem,RJ. Schneider. Hepadna viridae: The Viruses and Their Replication. eds. Fields Virology, 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001;2923-2969.
[6] OM. Mohammad, prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among premarital people in Sulaimani Governorate.2012; IPMJ;volume (11) 635-641.
[7] A. MIbrahem , FA. Mohiadeen, M. Babakir. Prevalence, Knowledge and practices of Hepatitis B and C viruses among patients undergoing surgery in Sulaimani city .J rare DisordDiagn ther.2017; 2:6.
[8] N.R. Hussein, S.M. Haj , L.A. Almizari,A .A. Taha. The prevalence of Hepatitis B and C viruses among blood donors attending blood bank in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. INTJ infection, volume 4, Issue 1, 2017, P.e39008
https://doi.org/10.17795/iji-39008
[9] "Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2015-08-24
[10] WHO/Hepatitis B.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/
[11] P. Karayiannis, HC.Thomas . BW. Mahy , MHV van Regenmortel , eds. Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology. (2009) Boston: Academic Press. p. 110.
[12] S. Schillie, TV Murphy, M .Sawyer, Ly KE .Hughes, R. Jiles, et al. "CDC Guidance for Evaluating Health-Care Personnel for Hepatitis B Virus Protection and for Administering Postexposure Management". MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control 2013; 62 (RR-10): 1-19.
[13] EJ, Aspinall, G. Hawkins, A. Fraser, SJ Hutchinson, SJ Goldberg D."Hepatitis B prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care: a review". Occupational Medicine. 2011;61 (8): 531-40.
https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqr136
[14] "Hepatitis C". World Health Organization (WHO). 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
[15] K .MohdHanafiah,; J. Groeger,; AD Flaxman,; ST . Wiersma,."Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. ". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.).2013; 57 (4): 1333-42.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26141
[16] Alter, MJ ."Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection". World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2007; 13 (17): 2436-41.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i17.2436
[17] RA Weiss."How does HIV cause AIDS?"Science. 1993; 260 (5112): 1273-9.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8493571
[18] DC. Douek, M. RA Roederer Koup ."Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS". Annu. Rev. Med.2009; 60: 471-84
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549
[19] UNAIDS, WHO. "2007 AIDS epidemic update" . 2007;p. 10. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
[20] UNAIDS (2016) 'Prevention Gap Report.
http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2016-prevention-gap-report_en.pdf
[21] "Worldwide AIDS & HIV Statistics". AVERT. 31 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-04-06.Retrieved 26 January 2011.
[22] CL Celum, RW. Coombs, W. Lafferty, Inui TS, PH Louie, CA. Gates, et al. "Indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blots: seroconversion risk, specificity of supplemental tests, and an algorithm for evaluation". J Infect Dis. 1991; 164 (4): 656-664.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/164.4.656
[23] S. Aprana , H. Johannes, R. Mikolajczy .Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2003.the Lancet 2015; 10003:1546-1555.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61412-X
[24] N.R. Hussein. Prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV Infections among Syrian Refugees in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Int J Infect. In Press: p. e39420.
[25] W. Muselmani, W. Habbal , F. Monem. Significance of screening antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen among Syrian blood donors. Transfus Med 2013; 23:265-8.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tme.12043
[26] XF. Liang Bi SL, WZ Yang, LD Wang, G. Cui, Cui FQ, et al. Epidemiological serosurvey of hepatitis B in China-declining HBV prevalence due to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine. 2009; 27:6550-6557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.048
[27] S N Wong, P. Janus Ong , Madeline Eternity D Labio, Oscar T Cabahug, Maria Lourdes O Daez, Erlinda V Valdellon ,et al. Hepatitis B infection among adults in the Philippines: A national seroprevalence study; World J Hepatol. 2013; 5(4): 214-219.
https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v5.i4.214
[28] Y. Furuncuo?lu, F. Sa?lam, FF. Bölükba?, C. Bölükba?, R. Öztürk. Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in ?stanbul: A 20-year Survey. Viral Hepat J. 2016; 22:88-91.
https://doi.org/10.4274/vhd.30932
[29] M. Salehi-Vaziri, F. Sadeghi, A. Almasi Hashiani, Mohammad Gholami Fesharaki, and S. Moayed Alavian .Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the General Population of Iran: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Hepat Mon. 2016; 16(4): e35577.
https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.35577
[30] M. Rantala, MJ van de Laar. Surveillance and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in Europe - a review. EuroSurveill. 2008; 13(21):pii=18880.
https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.21.18880-en
[31] A. Wasley , D. Kruszon-Moran, W. Kuhnert, EP. Simard , L Finelli , G. McQuillan , B. Bell . The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States in the era of vaccination 2010; 15; 202(2):192-201.
https://doi.org/10.1086/653622
[32] S. Blach, S. Zeuzem, M. Manns, I. Altraif, Ann-SofiDuberg . Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modeling study. The Lancet Gastroenterology &Hepatology 2016;Volume 5, No. 9, p558-567, 2005.
[33] M. Arab, A. AbasZadeh, B. Pour Aboli, L. Soleimani Zadeh, M. Shahsavari, M. Javadi. Prevalence of HBsAg positivity in blood donors in Bam, 1999-2002. SJIBTO. 2006; 3(3):277-80.
[34] Z. Attarchi, M. Ghafouri, B. Hajibaygi, SH Assari, Alavian SM. Donor deferral and blood-borne infections in blood donors of Tehran. SJIBTO. 2006; 2(7):353-64.
[35] A. Farhat, GH. Khademi, ShJ. Mazlouman. The prevalence of hepatitis B carrier state in Khorassan province of Iran. Saudi Medical Journal. 2003; 24(5):549-51.
[36] T .Vahid, SM. Alavian, A Kabir, J. Kafaee, B Yektaparast. Hepatitis B prevalence and risk factors in blood donors in Ghazvin, IR. Iran. Hepatitis Monthly. 2005; 5(4):117-22.
[37] A.L. Reingold, M. A. Kane, B. L. Murphy. Transmission of Hepatitis B by an Oral Surgeon, the Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; Volume 145, Issue 2Pp. 262-268.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/145.2.262
[38] EM. Janahi. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Bahrain, 2000 through 2010.Ray R, ed. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e87599.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087599
[39] I. Gentile and G. Borgia. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus. Int J Women Health challenges and solutions.2014; 6: 605-611.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S51138
[40] MD. Ray Kim. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in the United States, Hepatology. 2009; 49(5 Suppl): S28-S34.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22975
[2] S. De Meyer, Z.J. Gong, W. Suwandhi. Organ and species specifity of HBV infection, journal of viral hepatitis.1997; 4,145-153.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.1997.00126.x
[3] H. Norder, AM Courouce, LO. Magnius. Complete genomes, phylogenetic relatedness, and structural proteins of six strains of the hepatitis B virus, four of which represent two new genotypes. Virology.1994; 198(2):489-503.
https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1994.1060
[4] FV. Chisari, C. Ferrari. Hepatitis B virus immunopathology. Springer SeminImmunopathol. 1995. 17(2-3):261-81.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196169
[5] D. Ganem,RJ. Schneider. Hepadna viridae: The Viruses and Their Replication. eds. Fields Virology, 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001;2923-2969.
[6] OM. Mohammad, prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among premarital people in Sulaimani Governorate.2012; IPMJ;volume (11) 635-641.
[7] A. MIbrahem , FA. Mohiadeen, M. Babakir. Prevalence, Knowledge and practices of Hepatitis B and C viruses among patients undergoing surgery in Sulaimani city .J rare DisordDiagn ther.2017; 2:6.
[8] N.R. Hussein, S.M. Haj , L.A. Almizari,A .A. Taha. The prevalence of Hepatitis B and C viruses among blood donors attending blood bank in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. INTJ infection, volume 4, Issue 1, 2017, P.e39008
https://doi.org/10.17795/iji-39008
[9] "Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2015-08-24
[10] WHO/Hepatitis B.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/
[11] P. Karayiannis, HC.Thomas . BW. Mahy , MHV van Regenmortel , eds. Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology. (2009) Boston: Academic Press. p. 110.
[12] S. Schillie, TV Murphy, M .Sawyer, Ly KE .Hughes, R. Jiles, et al. "CDC Guidance for Evaluating Health-Care Personnel for Hepatitis B Virus Protection and for Administering Postexposure Management". MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control 2013; 62 (RR-10): 1-19.
[13] EJ, Aspinall, G. Hawkins, A. Fraser, SJ Hutchinson, SJ Goldberg D."Hepatitis B prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care: a review". Occupational Medicine. 2011;61 (8): 531-40.
https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqr136
[14] "Hepatitis C". World Health Organization (WHO). 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
[15] K .MohdHanafiah,; J. Groeger,; AD Flaxman,; ST . Wiersma,."Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. ". Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.).2013; 57 (4): 1333-42.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26141
[16] Alter, MJ ."Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection". World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2007; 13 (17): 2436-41.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i17.2436
[17] RA Weiss."How does HIV cause AIDS?"Science. 1993; 260 (5112): 1273-9.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8493571
[18] DC. Douek, M. RA Roederer Koup ."Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS". Annu. Rev. Med.2009; 60: 471-84
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549
[19] UNAIDS, WHO. "2007 AIDS epidemic update" . 2007;p. 10. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
[20] UNAIDS (2016) 'Prevention Gap Report.
http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2016-prevention-gap-report_en.pdf
[21] "Worldwide AIDS & HIV Statistics". AVERT. 31 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-04-06.Retrieved 26 January 2011.
[22] CL Celum, RW. Coombs, W. Lafferty, Inui TS, PH Louie, CA. Gates, et al. "Indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blots: seroconversion risk, specificity of supplemental tests, and an algorithm for evaluation". J Infect Dis. 1991; 164 (4): 656-664.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/164.4.656
[23] S. Aprana , H. Johannes, R. Mikolajczy .Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2003.the Lancet 2015; 10003:1546-1555.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61412-X
[24] N.R. Hussein. Prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV Infections among Syrian Refugees in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Int J Infect. In Press: p. e39420.
[25] W. Muselmani, W. Habbal , F. Monem. Significance of screening antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen among Syrian blood donors. Transfus Med 2013; 23:265-8.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tme.12043
[26] XF. Liang Bi SL, WZ Yang, LD Wang, G. Cui, Cui FQ, et al. Epidemiological serosurvey of hepatitis B in China-declining HBV prevalence due to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine. 2009; 27:6550-6557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.048
[27] S N Wong, P. Janus Ong , Madeline Eternity D Labio, Oscar T Cabahug, Maria Lourdes O Daez, Erlinda V Valdellon ,et al. Hepatitis B infection among adults in the Philippines: A national seroprevalence study; World J Hepatol. 2013; 5(4): 214-219.
https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v5.i4.214
[28] Y. Furuncuo?lu, F. Sa?lam, FF. Bölükba?, C. Bölükba?, R. Öztürk. Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in ?stanbul: A 20-year Survey. Viral Hepat J. 2016; 22:88-91.
https://doi.org/10.4274/vhd.30932
[29] M. Salehi-Vaziri, F. Sadeghi, A. Almasi Hashiani, Mohammad Gholami Fesharaki, and S. Moayed Alavian .Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the General Population of Iran: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Hepat Mon. 2016; 16(4): e35577.
https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.35577
[30] M. Rantala, MJ van de Laar. Surveillance and epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in Europe - a review. EuroSurveill. 2008; 13(21):pii=18880.
https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.21.18880-en
[31] A. Wasley , D. Kruszon-Moran, W. Kuhnert, EP. Simard , L Finelli , G. McQuillan , B. Bell . The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States in the era of vaccination 2010; 15; 202(2):192-201.
https://doi.org/10.1086/653622
[32] S. Blach, S. Zeuzem, M. Manns, I. Altraif, Ann-SofiDuberg . Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modeling study. The Lancet Gastroenterology &Hepatology 2016;Volume 5, No. 9, p558-567, 2005.
[33] M. Arab, A. AbasZadeh, B. Pour Aboli, L. Soleimani Zadeh, M. Shahsavari, M. Javadi. Prevalence of HBsAg positivity in blood donors in Bam, 1999-2002. SJIBTO. 2006; 3(3):277-80.
[34] Z. Attarchi, M. Ghafouri, B. Hajibaygi, SH Assari, Alavian SM. Donor deferral and blood-borne infections in blood donors of Tehran. SJIBTO. 2006; 2(7):353-64.
[35] A. Farhat, GH. Khademi, ShJ. Mazlouman. The prevalence of hepatitis B carrier state in Khorassan province of Iran. Saudi Medical Journal. 2003; 24(5):549-51.
[36] T .Vahid, SM. Alavian, A Kabir, J. Kafaee, B Yektaparast. Hepatitis B prevalence and risk factors in blood donors in Ghazvin, IR. Iran. Hepatitis Monthly. 2005; 5(4):117-22.
[37] A.L. Reingold, M. A. Kane, B. L. Murphy. Transmission of Hepatitis B by an Oral Surgeon, the Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; Volume 145, Issue 2Pp. 262-268.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/145.2.262
[38] EM. Janahi. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Bahrain, 2000 through 2010.Ray R, ed. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e87599.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087599
[39] I. Gentile and G. Borgia. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus. Int J Women Health challenges and solutions.2014; 6: 605-611.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S51138
[40] MD. Ray Kim. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in the United States, Hepatology. 2009; 49(5 Suppl): S28-S34.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22975
Downloads
How to Cite
[1]
M. Omer Mohammed, A. Baram Hasan, and F. Bakir Maarouf, “Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis B, C and HIV Cases among the Foreigners Visiting Sulaimani City from 2013 Through 2016”, KJAR, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 211–223, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.24017/science.2019.ICHMS.23.
Article Metrics
Published
15-10-2019
Issue
Section
Pure and Applied Science
